《2012年中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)的進(jìn)展》白皮書(shū)
White Paper: Progress in China's Human Rights in 2012
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調(diào)整字號(hào)大小: 
| 五、生態(tài)文明建設(shè)中的人權(quán)保障 | V. Protection of Human Rights in Ecological Progress |
| 人類只有一個(gè)地球。建設(shè)生態(tài)文明，是關(guān)系人類未來(lái)的大事。面對(duì)資源約束趨緊、環(huán)境污染嚴(yán)重、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)退化的嚴(yán)峻形勢(shì)，中國(guó)堅(jiān)持樹(shù)立尊重自然、順應(yīng)自然、保護(hù)自然的生態(tài)文明理念，將生態(tài)文明建設(shè)放在突出地位，作為全面建成小康社會(huì)總體布局的五大目標(biāo)之一，努力建設(shè)美麗中國(guó)，切實(shí)保障公民的環(huán)境權(quán)益。 | There is only one earth for human beings. Promoting ecological progress is of vital importance for humanity's future. Facing increasing resource constraints, severe environmental pollution and ecosystem degradation, China is working to raise the ecological awareness of the need to respect, accommodate and protect nature, give high priority to making ecological progress and incorporate it as one of the five main goals for completing the building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. China is working hard to build a beautiful country and earnestly guaranteeing the citizens' environmental rights and interests. |
| 基本建立起保障公民環(huán)境權(quán)益的法律和政策體系。中國(guó)堅(jiān)持將環(huán)境保護(hù)作為基本國(guó)策，經(jīng)過(guò)多年努力，中國(guó)已形成了包括污染防治領(lǐng)域、資源保護(hù)領(lǐng)域、自然區(qū)域和生物多樣性保護(hù)領(lǐng)域的覆蓋面較為完整的法律法規(guī)體系。2010年以來(lái)，又制定了《國(guó)家環(huán)境保護(hù)“十二五”規(guī)劃》、《“十二五”全國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)法規(guī)和環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)政策建設(shè)規(guī)劃》、《重點(diǎn)區(qū)域大氣污染防治“十二五”規(guī)劃》、《全國(guó)土壤環(huán)境保護(hù)“十二五”規(guī)劃》、《中國(guó)海洋環(huán)境免受陸源污染國(guó)家行動(dòng)計(jì)劃》、《林業(yè)發(fā)展“十二五”規(guī)劃》、《全國(guó)林地保護(hù)利用規(guī)劃綱要（2010－2020年）》、《全國(guó)造林綠化規(guī)劃綱要（2011－2020年）》、《七大流域綜合規(guī)劃》、《全國(guó)濕地保護(hù)工程“十二五”實(shí)施規(guī)劃》、《中國(guó)生物多樣性保護(hù)戰(zhàn)略與行動(dòng)計(jì)劃（2011－2030年）》、《節(jié)能減排“十二五”規(guī)劃》、《全國(guó)重要江河湖泊水功能區(qū)劃》等政策文件，修訂了水土保持法和《環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》，頒布了《消耗臭氧層物質(zhì)管理?xiàng)l例》、《太湖流域管理?xiàng)l例》等行政法規(guī)，進(jìn)一步提高保障公民環(huán)境權(quán)益、建設(shè)生態(tài)文明國(guó)家的法制水平。環(huán)境保護(hù)投入不斷加大?！笆晃濉逼陂g，全國(guó)財(cái)政環(huán)保投入是“十五”期間的3.71倍。2012年全國(guó)財(cái)政環(huán)保投入2932億元，比2009年增加998億元，增長(zhǎng)51.6%。2008年至2012年，中央財(cái)政安排設(shè)立農(nóng)村環(huán)保專項(xiàng)資金135億元，支持2.6萬(wàn)個(gè)村鎮(zhèn)開(kāi)展環(huán)境綜合整治和生態(tài)示范建設(shè)，5700多萬(wàn)農(nóng)村人口直接受益。2010年至2012年，安排重金屬污染防治專項(xiàng)資金75億元，支持重點(diǎn)防控區(qū)重金屬污染綜合防治。妥善處置了一批嚴(yán)重影響人民群眾健康的突發(fā)環(huán)境事件。積極有效應(yīng)對(duì)青海玉樹(shù)地震、甘肅舟曲特大山洪泥石流等重大災(zāi)害的次生環(huán)境問(wèn)題。 | The legal and policy framework has been established to protect citizens' environmental rights. China has adopted environmental protection as a basic national policy. Thanks to efforts made over the years, China has put in place a rather complete legal framework covering pollution control, resources conservation, and preservation of nature reserves and biodiversity. Since 2010 China has formulated a series of policy documents, including the National Plan on Environmental Protection during the 12th Five-year Plan Period, National Plan for Legislation on Environmental Protection and Formulation of Environmental Economic Policies during the 12th Five-year Plan Period, Plan on Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Key Areas during the 12th Five-year Plan Period, Plan on National Soil Environment Protection during the 12th Five-year Plan Period, National Action Plan for Protecting China's Marine Environment from Land-based Pollution, Forestry Development Plan during the 12th Five-year Plan Period, Outline of the National Program on Forest Conservation and Utilization (2010-2020), Outline of the National Afforestation Plan (2011-2020), Comprehensive Plan for the Seven Major River Basins, Implementation Plan of the National Wetland Conservation Project during the 12th Five-year Plan Period, Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Preservation in China (2011-2030), Plan on Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction during the 12th Five-year Plan Period, and Water Function Zoning of the Major Rivers and Lakes of China. Moreover, China has also amended the Law on Water and Soil Conservation and Ambient Air Quality Standard (AAQS), and promulgated administrative regulations such as the Regulations on the Management of Ozone-depleting Substances and Regulations on the Administration of the Taihu Lake Basin. All of the above have improved China's legal system that safeguards Chinese citizens' environmental rights and interests, and helped build an eco-friendly country. The state keeps increasing its investment in environmental protection. During the 11th Five-year Plan period (2006-2010), China's fiscal investment in this sphere was 3.71 times that during the Tenth Five-year Plan period (2001-2005). In 2012 funds from the central and local coffers for environmental protection amounted to 293.2 billion yuan, an increase of 99.8 billion yuan or 51.6 percent over 2009. From 2008 to 2012 the central government earmarked a special fund of 13.5 billion yuan for rural environmental protection, supporting 26,000 villages or towns to carry out comprehensive environmental improvement and eco-friendly demonstration projects, directly benefiting 57 million rural residents. Another special fund, totaling 7.5 billion yuan, was allocated between 2010 and 2012 to support the integrated prevention and control of heavy metal contamination in some key areas. The government appropriately handled a number of emergent environmental hazards that had serious impacts on people's health, and coped with in a positive and effective manner the secondary environmental issues in the aftermath of serious natural disasters, such as the Yushu Earthquake in Qinghai Province and the Zhouqu Mudslides in Gansu Province. |
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公民享有清潔生活環(huán)境權(quán)益進(jìn)一步得到保障。環(huán)境評(píng)估與監(jiān)測(cè)進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)。實(shí)施地表水、空氣、酸沉降、沙塵天氣影響、飲用水水源地、近海海域、城市噪聲、生態(tài)等各環(huán)境要素常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)以及污染源監(jiān)督性監(jiān)測(cè)和應(yīng)急預(yù)警監(jiān)測(cè)，初步建成了覆蓋各環(huán)境要素的國(guó)家環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)網(wǎng)和地方環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)網(wǎng)。環(huán)境監(jiān)察體制進(jìn)一步完善。七大流域建立了流域水資源保護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)。建立健全區(qū)域環(huán)保督查派出機(jī)構(gòu)和核輻射安全監(jiān)管派出機(jī)構(gòu)。建設(shè)環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警體系、環(huán)境應(yīng)急和執(zhí)法監(jiān)督體系、核與輻射安全監(jiān)管體系等。到2011年底，全國(guó)已成立國(guó)家級(jí)環(huán)境評(píng)估中心1家，省級(jí)評(píng)估機(jī)構(gòu)28家，地市級(jí)評(píng)估機(jī)構(gòu)115家，三級(jí)評(píng)估機(jī)構(gòu)從業(yè)人員已達(dá)2000余人。2012年，成功發(fā)射了環(huán)境一號(hào)C星，細(xì)顆粒物（PM2.5）被納入空氣質(zhì)量常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)。在監(jiān)測(cè)的316個(gè)城市中，城市區(qū)域聲環(huán)境質(zhì)量好的城市占3.5%，較好的占75.9%，輕度污染的占20.3%，中度污染的占0.3%。城市治污工作成效明顯。2008年至2012年，累計(jì)新增城市污水日處理能力4600萬(wàn)噸。到2012年底，全國(guó)累計(jì)建成城鎮(zhèn)污水處理廠3340座，日處理能力達(dá)到1.42億立方米，比上年末增長(zhǎng)3.7%；城市污水處理率由2005年的52.0%提高到2012年的84.9%。截至2011年底，全國(guó)建成并投入運(yùn)行的城市生活垃圾無(wú)害化處理設(shè)施共677座，城市生活垃圾無(wú)害化處理能力達(dá)40.9萬(wàn)噸∕日，無(wú)害化處理率達(dá)79.84%。661個(gè)城市全部納入全國(guó)城市環(huán)境綜合整治定量考核范圍。節(jié)能減排取得良好成效。2010年以來(lái)，“十城千輛”電動(dòng)汽車示范行動(dòng)計(jì)劃在十余個(gè)城市的公共交通領(lǐng)域規(guī)?；赝茝V應(yīng)用混合動(dòng)力、純電動(dòng)和燃料電池汽車，目前示范試點(diǎn)已達(dá)25個(gè)?！笆侨f(wàn)盞工程”計(jì)劃在多個(gè)試點(diǎn)城市的公共照明領(lǐng)域推廣應(yīng)用半導(dǎo)體照明技術(shù)，目前已有160萬(wàn)盞以上LED燈具得到示范應(yīng)用，累計(jì)節(jié)電超過(guò)1.64億千瓦時(shí)。2008年至2012年，累計(jì)淘汰落后煉鐵產(chǎn)能1.17億噸、煉鋼產(chǎn)能7800萬(wàn)噸、水泥產(chǎn)能7.75億噸，單位國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值能耗下降17.2%，化學(xué)需氧量、二氧化硫排放總量分別下降15.7%和17.5%，鋼鐵、水泥、焦化等高耗能高排放行業(yè)淘汰落后產(chǎn)能的任務(wù)超額完成?！笆晃濉逼陂g，火電供電煤耗下降9.5%，造紙行業(yè)單位產(chǎn)品COD（1升廢水所消耗的化學(xué)需氧量）排污負(fù)荷下降45%；全國(guó)二氧化硫排放總量減少14.29%，化學(xué)需氧量排放總量減少12.45%。 （注：文中PM2.5為PM右下角加2.5） |
Citizens' rights to live in clean and hygienic environment have been further protected. Environmental assessment and monitoring have been further strengthened, which cover routine monitoring of environmental elements, such as surface water, air, acid deposition, impact of sand and dust storms, drinking-water source areas, offshore seas, urban noise and ecosystems, supervisory monitoring of pollution sources and early-warning monitoring of emergencies. National and local environment monitoring networks that cover all environmental elements have basically been established in China, and an environmental supervision system has been further enhanced. China has set up water resources protection bodies in its seven major river basins, established and improved the supervisory agencies of regional environmental protection and radiation safety. It has also built an early-warning system of environmental monitoring, a supervision system of environmental emergency response and law enforcement, and a nuclear and radiation safety supervision system. By the end of 2011, China had 144 environmental-assessment agencies, with one at national level, 28 at provincial level and 115 at prefectural level, employing some 2,000 professionals. Since China sent its HJ-1C satellite into space in 2012, fine particles (PM2.5 particles) have been included in the air quality index. China also monitors the acoustic environment in 316 cities, of which 3.5 percent are at the satisfactory level, 75.9 percent at the moderate level, 20.3 percent lightly polluted and the other 0.3 percent moderately polluted. Substantial progress has been made in urban pollution control. China's daily sewage treatment capacity increased by 46 million tons from 2008 to 2012. By the end of 2012, China had 3,340 urban sewage treatment plants, which could treat 142 million cubic meters of wastewater per day, an increase of 3.7 percent as compared with the end of the previous year. The treatment rate of domestic sewage had risen from 52 percent in 2005 to 84.9 percent in 2012. There were altogether 677 urban facilities for harmless treatment of domestic garbage in operation in China by the end of 2011, which could deal with 409,000 tons of garbage every day, and 79.84 percent of the garbage was made harmless after the treatment. Quantitative assessment has been enforced for all 661 cities in the country for comprehensive environmental improvement, gaining satisfactory results in energy conservation and emission reduction. Since 2010 China has chosen 25 cities as pioneers for the "Electric Vehicles in Cities" project, to promote the large-scale application of hybrid, electric or fuel-cell vehicles in public transportation. Another project - "Urban LED" - advocates the use of semiconductor lighting technology in the public lighting systems of many pilot cities. Over 1.6 million LED lights have been used for the experiment so far, accumulatively saving 164 million kwh of electricity. From 2008 to 2012 China closed down many of its outdated production facilities, including iron works with a total capacity of 117 million tons, steel mills with a total capacity of 78 million tons and cement plants with a total capacity of 775 million tons. The energy consumption per unit of GDP fell by 17.2 percent in the same period, and the total chemical oxygen demand (COD) and sulfur dioxide emission decreased by 15.7 percent and 17.5 percent, respectively. China over-fulfilled its goal of closing down outdated production facilities in high-energy consumption and emission industries like iron and steel, cement and coking. During the 11th Five-year Plan period (2006-2010), the net coal consumption for thermal power generation fell by 9.5 percent, and the COD load per unit of product in the papermaking industry declined by 45 percent. The sulfur dioxide emission nationwide was reduced by 14.29 percent, and the total COD discharge went down by 12.45 percent. |
| 公民享有良好生態(tài)環(huán)境權(quán)利的保障水平不斷提高。2008年至2012年，累計(jì)治理重點(diǎn)中小河流2.45萬(wàn)公里，新增節(jié)水灌溉面積770萬(wàn)公頃。2011年至2012年，中央安排專項(xiàng)資金24億元，啟動(dòng)支持良好湖泊生態(tài)環(huán)境湖泊試點(diǎn)，試點(diǎn)范圍已由8個(gè)擴(kuò)大至27個(gè)湖泊。其中，2011年啟動(dòng)支持的8個(gè)試點(diǎn)湖泊已建設(shè)濕地8萬(wàn)畝，新增森林覆蓋面積16萬(wàn)畝，湖泊水質(zhì)和自然修復(fù)能力進(jìn)一步改善和提升。全面實(shí)施草原生態(tài)保護(hù)補(bǔ)助獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)機(jī)制，2011年至2012年，中央財(cái)政共安排資金286億元，對(duì)12.3億畝草原實(shí)行禁牧補(bǔ)助，對(duì)26.05億畝草原實(shí)行草畜平衡獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。2012年，全國(guó)草原綜合植被蓋度達(dá)到53.8%，比2011年提高2.8個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；天然草原鮮草產(chǎn)量達(dá)到10.5億噸，比上年增長(zhǎng)4.7%。水土資源綜合治理進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)。2008年至2012年，累計(jì)完成造林2953萬(wàn)公頃，治理沙漠化、石漠化土地1196萬(wàn)公頃，綜合治理水土流失面積24.6萬(wàn)平方公里，整治國(guó)土面積18萬(wàn)平方公里。其中，石漠化綜合治理重點(diǎn)縣增加到300個(gè)，京津風(fēng)沙源治理工程建設(shè)范圍擴(kuò)大到6個(gè)省份138個(gè)縣。塔里木河、黑河、石羊河等流域綜合治理規(guī)劃和首都水資源可持續(xù)利用規(guī)劃等重點(diǎn)區(qū)域生態(tài)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目加快實(shí)施，敦煌水資源合理利用與生態(tài)保護(hù)綜合規(guī)劃項(xiàng)目建設(shè)全面啟動(dòng)。全國(guó)城市園林綠地面積達(dá)到2242861公頃，綠化覆蓋率達(dá)39.22%，人均公園綠地面積達(dá)11.80平方米。目前全國(guó)有公園10780個(gè)，其中國(guó)家重點(diǎn)公園63個(gè)，國(guó)家城市濕地公園45個(gè)。區(qū)域生態(tài)治理和保護(hù)不斷強(qiáng)化。國(guó)家成立了中國(guó)生物多樣性保護(hù)國(guó)家委員會(huì)。截至2012年底，全國(guó)（不含港、澳、臺(tái)地區(qū)）共建立各類各級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū)2640個(gè)，其中國(guó)家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū)363個(gè)，面積9415萬(wàn)公頃，占國(guó)土面積的9.7%。共建立風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)962個(gè)，其中國(guó)家級(jí)風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)225個(gè)，總面積約19.37萬(wàn)平方公里，占國(guó)土面積的2.02%。針對(duì)青海湖流域生態(tài)治理，國(guó)家建立了6200畝濕地保護(hù)與恢復(fù)試驗(yàn)示范區(qū)、10100畝治沙示范區(qū)以及14650畝退化草地恢復(fù)示范區(qū)，形成了區(qū)域生態(tài)治理技術(shù)模式，有效改善了流域生態(tài)環(huán)境。濕地保護(hù)有效推進(jìn)，確認(rèn)國(guó)家重要濕地11處，累計(jì)39處，新增濕地保護(hù)面積33萬(wàn)公頃，恢復(fù)濕地2.3萬(wàn)公頃。開(kāi)展了近20種野生動(dòng)物的棲息地恢復(fù)試點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目，實(shí)施了近30種珍稀瀕危野生動(dòng)物的繁育項(xiàng)目。海洋環(huán)境生態(tài)保護(hù)工作得到加強(qiáng)。2012年，國(guó)家海洋局查處海上環(huán)境違法案件176起。新建15個(gè)國(guó)家級(jí)海洋保護(hù)區(qū)，增加保護(hù)區(qū)面積751平方公里。在渤海率先建立實(shí)施海洋生態(tài)紅線制度。確定了21個(gè)海洋生態(tài)修復(fù)項(xiàng)目，70個(gè)海島整治修復(fù)與保護(hù)項(xiàng)目。近岸海域301個(gè)海水水質(zhì)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)中，達(dá)到國(guó)家一、二類海水水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)占69.4%。 | Citizens' right to good eco-environment is further secured. From 2008 to 2012 China dredged 24,500 km of key medium and small rivers, and increased the water-saving irrigation area by 7.7 million hectares (ha). In 2011 and 2012, the central government earmarked a special fund of 2.4 billion yuan for supporting a pilot program for a balanced lake eco-system, increasing the initial eight lakes to 27 now. So far, 80,000 mu (about 5,333 ha.-tr.) of wetlands have been restored and 160,000 mu (about 10,667 ha.-tr.) of forest-covered area has been created in the first eight lakes of the pilot program, effectively improving the water quality and self-recovery capability of these lakes. China implements in full a mechanism for subsidization for grassland eco-system protection. In 2011 and 2012 the central coffer allocated 28.6 billion yuan to subsidize a grazing ban on 1.23 billion mu (about 82 million ha.-tr.) of pastureland and to reward efforts to achieve a balance between the forage yield and number of animals on 2.605 billion mu (about 174 million ha.-tr.) of pastureland. By 2012 the vegetation coverage of grasslands across China had reached 53.8 percent, an increase of 2.8 percentage points over 2011, and the fresh grass yield of natural pastures amounted to 1.05 billion tons, an increase of 4.7 percent over 2011. The comprehensive conservation of water and soil has been further improved. From 2008 to 2012 an additional 29.53 million ha. of land was planted with trees, desertification was halted on 11.96 million ha. of land, soil erosion on 246,000 sq km of land was brought under control, and a total of 180,000 sq km of land was improved. The number of key counties halting stony desertification was increased to 300, and the project to control the sources of the sandstorms that hit Beijing and Tianjin was extended to include 138 counties in six provincial-level regions. The pace is accelerated in key regional eco-system development projects, such as the comprehensive treatment plan of the Tarim, Heihe and Shiyang river basins and the plan of water resources sustainable utilization for Beijing. The integrated project for rational utilization of water resources and ecological protection in Dunhuang has been going into full swing. China's urban green areas now total 2,242,861 ha., covering 39.22 percent of the total urban land, with the per-capita green area in public parks being 11.8 sq m. China now has 10,780 public parks, among which 63 are key national ones and 45 national urban wetland parks. Regional ecological treatment and protection has been constantly intensified. The state has set up the National Committee for Biodiversity Protection. By the end of 2012, there were 2,640 nature reserves of various kinds and at various levels in China (excluding those in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan regions), among which 363 were at national level, covering an area of 94.15 million ha., or 9.7 percent of China's total land area. Besides, China boasted 962 scenic areas, among which 225 were national ones, covering an area of 193,700 sq km, or 2.02 percent of China's total area. In order to improve the eco-system of the Qinghai Lake area, the state set up a 6,200-mu (about 413 ha.-tr.) experimental and demonstration zone for wetland protection and recovery, a 10,100-mu (about 673 ha.-tr.) demonstration zone for desertification control and a 14,650-mu (about 977 ha.-tr.) demonstration zone for deteriorated grassland recovery. A regional technical mode of ecological environment improvement was formed, effectively improving the eco-system of the lake area. Steady progress has been made in protecting its wetlands. The state has confirmed 11 national major wetlands and the total number of wetlands has reached 39. An additional 330,000 ha. of wetlands is put under state protection, and 23,000 ha. of wetlands is restored. It has introduced pilot projects for recovering the habitats of nearly 20 species of wild animals and implemented breeding projects for nearly 30 species of rare or endangered wild animals. Marine ecological environment protection has also been strengthened. In 2012 the State Oceanic Administration investigated and handled 176 cases that violated the marine environment law. The newly established 15 national marine conservation zones increased the total conservation area by 751 sq km. China has initiated a plan to create a red-line system in the Bohai Sea to delimit zones in which development is prohibited or limited. It confirmed 21 marine eco-environment restoration projects and 70 island improvement and protection projects. Among the 301 offshore seawater quality monitoring points, 69.4 percent met the national Grade I or II standards for ocean water quality. |
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