2015年美國的人權(quán)紀錄（全文）
Full text: Human Rights Record of the United States in 2015
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調(diào)整字號大小: 
| 一、公民權(quán)利遭到肆意侵犯 | I. Wanton Infringement on Civil Rights |
| 2015年，美國槍支犯罪猖獗，警察濫用暴力，監(jiān)獄腐敗嚴重，秘密監(jiān)控個人信息頻現(xiàn)，公民權(quán)利遭到肆意侵犯。 | Civil rights were wantonly infringed upon in the United States in 2015 with rampant gun-related crimes, excessive use of force by police, severe corruption in prisons and frequent occurrence of illegal eavesdropping on personal information. |
| 暴力犯罪威脅公民生命和財產(chǎn)安全。據(jù)美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局2015年發(fā)布的《美國犯罪報告》，2014年美國共發(fā)生暴力犯罪1165383起，平均每十萬居民中發(fā)生365.5起，其中謀殺案件14249起，強奸案件84041起，搶劫案件325802起，嚴重暴力傷害案件741291起；共發(fā)生財產(chǎn)犯罪案件8277829起，平均每十萬居民中發(fā)生2596.1起，被害人因財產(chǎn)犯罪遭受的損失超過143億美元。(注1)英國《經(jīng)濟學人》網(wǎng)站2015年12月1日刊文分析，美國一些城市的犯罪率大幅攀升，巴爾的摩和圣路易斯2015年上半年的謀殺率分別比去年同期增長了48%和59%。(注2)美國國家?guī)团裳芯恐行牡恼材匪埂ず劳栔赋?，美國過去5年幫派數(shù)量增長8%，幫派成員數(shù)量增長11%，與幫派相關(guān)的謀殺案增加23%。(注3) | Citizen's life and property security were threatened by violent crimes. According to the report "Crime in the United States" released by the FBI in 2015, an estimated 1,165,383 violent crimes occurred nationwide in 2014, of which 14,249 were murders, 84,041 were rapes, 325,802 robberies and 741,291 aggravated assaults. Nationwide, there were an estimated 8,277,829 property crimes, with the victims of such crimes suffering losses calculated at an estimated 14.3 billion U.S. dollars. The statistics showed the estimated rate of violent crime was 365.5 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants, and the property crime rate was 2,596.1 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants (www.fbi.gov). Many cities in the United States saw large jumps in crime during the first half of 2015: the murder rate rose 48 percent and 59 percent compared to the same period of the previous year in Baltimore and St. Louis, respectively, said an article carried by the Economist website on December 1, 2015 (www.economist.com, December 1, 2015). James Howell of the U.S. National Gang Center pointed out that in the past five years the United States had seen an 8 percent increase in the number of gangs, an 11 percent increase in members and a 23 percent increase in gang-related homicides (www.usnews.com, March 6, 2015). |
| 槍支泛濫造成公民生命權(quán)無法得到保障。統(tǒng)計顯示，美國有3億多人口，私人槍支保有量逾3億支。過去10年里，超過400萬美國人成為襲擊、搶劫和其他涉槍犯罪的受害者。據(jù)美國槍支暴力檔案室發(fā)布的《2015年槍支暴力傷亡統(tǒng)計》，截至2015年12月28日，美國當年共發(fā)生槍擊事件51675起，其中大規(guī)模槍擊事件329起；共造成13136人死亡、26493人受傷。(注4)美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局2015年發(fā)布的《美國犯罪報告》顯示，2014年美國發(fā)生的謀殺案件中有67.9%使用槍支，搶劫案件中有40.3%使用槍支，嚴重暴力襲擊案中有22.5%使用槍支。(注5) | Citizen's right of life could not be guaranteed with the rampant use of guns. Statistics showed that there were more than 300 million guns in the United States which had a population of more than 300 million. Over the past decade, more than 4 million U.S. citizens became victims of assaults, robberies and other gun-related crimes. According to a toll report by the Gun Violence Archive, there were a total of 51,675 gun violence incidents in the United States last year as of December 28, including 329 mass shootings. Altogether 13,136 were killed and 26,493 injured (www.gunviolencearchive.org, December 28, 2015). According to the report "Crime in the United States" released by the FBI in 2015, firearms were used in 67.9 percent of the nation's murders, 40.3 percent of robberies, and 22.5 percent of aggravated assaults in 2014 (www.fbi.gov). |
| 警察暴力執(zhí)法嚴重侵犯人權(quán)。美國警方在執(zhí)法過程中過度使用暴力，造成大量普通公民傷亡。據(jù)《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站統(tǒng)計，截至2015年12月24日，警察當年共射殺965人。(注6)巴爾的摩25歲非洲裔男子弗雷迪·格雷因警察暴力致死，引發(fā)了“為弗雷迪伸張正義”的抗議活動。(注7)射殺17歲非洲裔男孩麥克唐納的芝加哥警察，遲遲未被起訴，公眾為此舉行抗議游行。該警察之前曾遭20項投訴，未受到任何追究。(注8)美國全國廣播公司2015年11月19日報道，明尼阿波利斯市24歲的非洲裔男子賈馬爾·克拉克在已被警方控制的情況下被擊斃，民眾包圍警察局抗議示威，引發(fā)暴力沖突。(注9) | Excessive use of violence by police gravely violated human rights. Excessive use of violence by police during law enforcement had resulted in a large number of civilian casualties. Police shot dead 965 people last year as of December 24, according to data posted on The Washington Post website (www.washingtonpost.com, December 24, 2015). Freddie Gray, a 25-year-old African-American man, died while in police custody in Baltimore. His death, reportedly a result of violence by the police, sparked "Justice for Freddie" protests (www.usatoday.com, December 22, 2015). Outraged that it took too long to charge a Chicago police officer in African-American Laquan MacDonald's shooting death, demonstrators took to the street to demand justice in his death. The police officer had a history of 20 complaints before he gunned down the 17-year-old, but none resulted in discipline (edition.cnn.com, November 26, 2015). According to a report by the NBC News on November 19, 2015, protestors camped outside a police precinct in Minneapolis after African-American Jamar Clark, 24, was shot dead when he was already under police control. The demonstrations turned violent later (www.nbc.com, November 19, 2015). |
| 政府秘密監(jiān)控公民個人信息侵犯公民隱私。據(jù)《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站2015年12月1日報道，美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局利用其特權(quán)強迫互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公司未經(jīng)法庭批準向其提供用戶信息，包括全部的網(wǎng)絡瀏覽記錄。(注10)皮尤研究中心2015年5月29日發(fā)布的報告顯示，大多數(shù)美國人反對政府大規(guī)模收集公民信息，有三分之二的人認為政府在收集信息方面沒有足夠的限制，61%的人越來越懷疑政府相關(guān)計劃的目的，54%的人反對政府將收集電話和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息作為反恐的手段，74%的人不同意為了安全的目的放棄隱私權(quán)和自由，93%的人認為應對收集信息的人加以管控，90%的人認為應對收集何種私人信息的種類加強管控。(注11) | The government infringed on citizens' privacy by illegally eavesdropping personal information. According to a report carried by the website of The Washington Post on December 1, 2015, the FBI used special authority to compel Internet firms to hand over user information, including full browsing histories, without court approvals (www.washingtonpost.com, December 1, 2015). According to a report released by the Pew Research Center on May 29, 2015, a majority of Americans opposed the government collecting bulk data on its citizens, two-thirds believed there weren't adequate limits on what types of data could be collected, 61 percent said they had become less confident that the programs were serving the public interests, 54 percent of Americans disapproved of the U.S. government's collection of telephone and Internet data as part of anti-terrorism efforts, and 74 percent said they should not give up privacy and freedom for the sake of safety. Most said it was important to control who could get their information (93 percent), as well as what information about them was collected (90 percent) (www.pewresearch.org, May 29, 2015). |
| 獄警肆意踐踏囚犯人權(quán)。據(jù)《邁阿密先驅(qū)報》網(wǎng)站2015年12月連續(xù)報道，美國最大的女子監(jiān)獄羅維爾監(jiān)獄充斥著腐敗、酷刑和性虐待，獄警將數(shù)百名女囚視為妓女，逼迫她們賣淫以換取基本的生活物資、保護或獎勵。在過去十年間已有57名囚犯死在了該監(jiān)獄，該數(shù)字尚未包括被送往醫(yī)院的囚犯。(注12)《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站2015年5月13日報道，費爾法克斯郡一所監(jiān)獄的獄警用電擊槍將女性精神病患者娜塔莎·麥肯娜殺害。(注13)福克斯新聞網(wǎng)網(wǎng)站2015年4月9日報道，佛羅里達州一所監(jiān)獄的獄警被控虐待和殺害囚犯，其中患有精神疾患的囚犯達倫·萊尼被強迫淋浴長達兩個小時，水溫高達華氏180度。他雖大聲求饒呼救，卻無人理睬，最后竟被活活燙死。(注14) | Prison guards wantonly trampled on prisoners' human rights. According to a serial report on the website of the Miami Herald in December 2015, Lowell Correctional Institution, the nation's largest women's prison, was haunted by corruption, torment and sex abuse. The guards took hundreds of female inmates as whores and pressured them to barter sex for basic necessities, a shield from abuse or awards. In the past 10 years 57 inmates died in the prison, not accounting those who make it to hospital (www.miamiherald.com, December 12, 13 and 16, 2015). The Washington Post reported on its website on May 13, 2015 that a guard in the Fairfax County jail killed a mentally ill woman, Natasha McKenna, with a Taser stun gun (www.washingtonpost.com, May 13, 2015). The Fox News reported on its website on April 9, 2015 that guards in a prison in Florida was accused of abusing and even killing inmates. In one case, a mentally-ill inmate Darren Rainey was forced to take a shower for two hours with the water reportedly rigged to a scalding 180 degrees Fahrenheit. Despite his calls for help, no one came. He reportedly died after his skin was partially burned off his body (www.foxnews.com, April 9, 2015). |
(注1) 美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局報告，見www.fbi.gov。 (注2) 英國《經(jīng)濟學人》網(wǎng)站（www.economist.com），2015年12月1日。 (注3) 《美國新聞與世界報道》網(wǎng)站（www.usnews.com），2015年3月6日。 (注4) 美國槍支暴力檔案室網(wǎng)站（www.gunviolencearchive.org），2015年12月28日。 (注5) 美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局報告，見www.fbi.gov。 (注6) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年12月24日。 (注7) 今日美國網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2015年12月22日。 (注8) 美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)網(wǎng)站（edition.cnn.com），2015年11月26日。 (注9) 美國全國廣播公司網(wǎng)站（www.nbc.com），2015年11月19日。 (注10) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年12月1日。 (注11) 皮尤中心網(wǎng)站（www.pewresearch.org），2015年5月29日。 (注12) 《邁阿密先驅(qū)報》網(wǎng)站（www.miamiherald.com），2015年12月12日、13日、16日。 (注13) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年5月13日。 (注14) ?？怂剐侣劸W(wǎng)網(wǎng)站（www.foxnews.com），2015年4月9日。 | |
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