《中國(guó)堅(jiān)持通過談判解決中國(guó)與菲律賓在南海的有關(guān)爭(zhēng)議》白皮書
White Paper: China Adheres to the Position of Settling Through Negotiation the Relevant Disputes Between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea
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調(diào)整字號(hào)大小: 
| 二、中菲南海有關(guān)爭(zhēng)議的由來 | II. Origin of the Relevant Disputes Between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea |
| 55. 中菲南海有關(guān)爭(zhēng)議的核心是菲律賓非法侵占中國(guó)南沙群島部分島礁而產(chǎn)生的領(lǐng)土問題。此外，隨著國(guó)際海洋法制度的發(fā)展，中菲在南海部分海域還出現(xiàn)了海洋劃界爭(zhēng)議。 | 55. The core of the relevant disputes between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea lies in the territorial issues caused by the Philippines' invasion and illegal occupation of some islands and reefs of China's Nansha Qundao. In addition, with the development of the international law of the sea, a maritime delimitation dispute also arose between the two states regarding certain sea areas of the South China Sea. |
| （一）菲律賓非法侵占行為制造了中菲南沙島礁爭(zhēng)議 | i. The Philippines' invasion and illegal occupation caused disputes with China over some islands and reefs of Nansha Qundao |
| 56. 菲律賓的領(lǐng)土范圍是由包括1898年《美西和平條約》（《巴黎條約》）、1900年《美西關(guān)于菲律賓外圍島嶼割讓的條約》（《華盛頓條約》）、1930年《關(guān)于劃定英屬北婆羅洲與美屬菲律賓之間的邊界條約》在內(nèi)的一系列國(guó)際條約確定的。 | 56. The territory of the Philippines is defined by a series of international treaties, including the 1898 Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain (the Treaty of Paris), the 1900 Treaty between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain for Cession of Outlying Islands of the Philippines (the Treaty of Washington), and the 1930 Convention between His Majesty in Respect of the United Kingdom and the President of the United States regarding the Boundary between the State of North Borneo and the Philippine Archipelago. |
| 57. 中國(guó)南海諸島在菲律賓領(lǐng)土范圍之外。 | 57. The Philippines' territory so defined has nothing to do with China's Nanhai Zhudao. |
| 58. 20世紀(jì)50年代，菲律賓曾企圖染指中國(guó)南沙群島。但在中國(guó)堅(jiān)決反對(duì)下，菲律賓收手了。1956年5月，菲律賓人克洛馬組織私人探險(xiǎn)隊(duì)到南沙群島活動(dòng)，擅自將中國(guó)南沙群島部分島礁稱為“自由地”。隨后，菲律賓副總統(tǒng)兼外長(zhǎng)加西亞對(duì)克洛馬的活動(dòng)表示支持。對(duì)此，中國(guó)外交部發(fā)言人于5月29日發(fā)表聲明，嚴(yán)正指出：南沙群島“向來是中國(guó)領(lǐng)土的一部分。中華人民共和國(guó)對(duì)這些島嶼具有無可爭(zhēng)辯的合法主權(quán)……絕不容許任何國(guó)家以任何借口和采取任何方式加以侵犯”。同時(shí)，中國(guó)臺(tái)灣當(dāng)局派軍艦赴南沙群島巡弋，恢復(fù)在南沙群島太平島上駐守。此后，菲律賓外交部表示，克洛馬此舉菲律賓政府事前并不知情，亦未加以同意。 | 58. In the 1950s, the Philippines attempted to take moves on China's Nansha Qundao but eventually stopped because of China's firm opposition. In May 1956, Tomás Cloma, a Filipino, organized a private expedition to some islands and reefs of Nansha Qundao and unlawfully named them "Freedomland". Afterwards, Philippine Vice President and Foreign Minister Carlos Garcia expressed support for Cloma's activities. In response, the spokesperson of the Chinese Foreign Ministry issued a stern statement on 29 May, pointing out that Nansha Qundao "has always been a part of China's territory. The People's Republic of China has indisputable sovereignty over these islands [...] and will never tolerate the infringement of its sovereignty by any country with any means and under any excuse." At the same time, China's Taiwan authorities sent troops to patrol Nansha Qundao and resumed stationing troops on Taiping Dao. Afterward, the Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs said that the government of the Philippines did not know about Cloma's activities or give him the consent before he took his moves. |
| 59. 自20世紀(jì)70年代起，菲律賓先后以武力侵占中國(guó)南沙群島部分島礁，并提出非法領(lǐng)土要求。1970年8月和9月，菲律賓非法侵占馬歡島和費(fèi)信島；1971年4月，菲律賓非法侵占南鑰島和中業(yè)島；1971年7月，菲律賓非法侵占西月島和北子島；1978年3月和1980年7月，菲律賓非法侵占雙黃沙洲和司令礁。1978年6月，菲律賓總統(tǒng)馬科斯簽署第1596號(hào)總統(tǒng)令，將中國(guó)南沙群島部分島礁并連同周邊大范圍海域稱為“卡拉延島群”（“卡拉延”在他加祿語中意為“自由”），劃設(shè)“卡拉延鎮(zhèn)區(qū)”，非法列入菲律賓領(lǐng)土范圍。 | 59. Starting in the 1970s, the Philippines invaded and illegally occupied by force some islands and reefs of China's Nansha Qundao and raised illegal territorial claims. The Philippines invaded and illegally occupied Mahuan Dao and Feixin Dao in August and September 1970, Nanyao Dao and Zhongye Dao in April 1971, Xiyue Dao and Beizi Dao in July 1971, Shuanghuang Shazhou in March 1978 and Siling Jiao in July 1980. In June 1978, Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 1596, which designated some islands and reefs of China's Nansha Qundao and large areas of their surrounding waters as "Kalayaan Island Group" ("Kalayaan" in Tagalog means "Freedom"), set up "Municipality of Kalayaan" and illegally included them in the Philippine territory. |
| 60. 菲律賓還通過一系列國(guó)內(nèi)立法，提出了自己的領(lǐng)海、專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和大陸架等主張。其中部分與中國(guó)在南海的海洋權(quán)益產(chǎn)生沖突。 | 60. The Philippines has also enacted a series of national laws to lay its own claims of territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf, part of which conflicted with China's maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea. |
| 61. 菲律賓為掩蓋其非法侵占中國(guó)南沙群島部分島礁的事實(shí)，實(shí)現(xiàn)其領(lǐng)土擴(kuò)張的野心，炮制了一系列借口，包括：“卡拉延島群”不屬于南沙群島，是“無主地”；南沙群島在二戰(zhàn)后是“托管地”；菲律賓占領(lǐng)南沙群島是依據(jù)“地理鄰近”和出于“國(guó)家安全”需要；“南沙群島部分島礁位于菲律賓專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和大陸架上”；菲律賓“有效控制”有關(guān)島礁已成為不能改變的“現(xiàn)狀”等。 | 61. The Philippines has concocted many excuses to cover up its invasion and illegal occupation of some islands and reefs of China's Nansha Qundao in order to pursue its territorial pretensions. For instance, it claims that: "Kalayaan Island Group" is not part of Nansha Qundao but terra nullius; Nansha Qundao became "trust territory" after the end of the Second World War; the Philippines has occupied Nansha Qundao because of "contiguity or proximity" and out of "national security" considerations; "some islands and reefs of Nansha Qundao are located in the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of the Philippines"; the Philippines' "effective control" over the relevant islands and reefs has become the "status quo" that cannot be changed. |
| （二）菲律賓的非法主張毫無歷史和法理依據(jù) | ii. The Philippines' illegal claim has no historical or legal basis |
| 62. 從歷史和國(guó)際法看，菲律賓對(duì)南沙群島部分島礁的領(lǐng)土主張毫無根據(jù)。 | 62. The Philippines' territorial claim over part of Nansha Qundao is groundless from the perspectives of either history or international law. |
| 63. 第一，南沙群島從來不是菲律賓領(lǐng)土的組成部分。菲律賓的領(lǐng)土范圍已由一系列國(guó)際條約所確定。對(duì)此，菲律賓當(dāng)時(shí)的統(tǒng)治者美國(guó)是非常清楚的。1933年8月12日，美屬菲律賓前參議員陸雷彝致信美國(guó)駐菲律賓總督墨菲，試圖以地理鄰近為由主張一些南沙島嶼構(gòu)成菲律賓群島一部分。有關(guān)信件被轉(zhuǎn)交美國(guó)陸軍部和國(guó)務(wù)院處理。1933年10月9日，美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)卿復(fù)信稱，“這些島嶼……遠(yuǎn)在1898年從西班牙獲得的菲律賓群島的界限之外”。1935年5月，美國(guó)陸軍部長(zhǎng)鄧恩致函國(guó)務(wù)卿赫爾，請(qǐng)求國(guó)務(wù)院就菲律賓對(duì)南沙群島部分島嶼提出領(lǐng)土要求的“合法性和適當(dāng)性”發(fā)表意見。美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院歷史顧問辦公室一份由博格斯等簽署的備忘錄指出，“顯然，美國(guó)毫無根據(jù)主張有關(guān)島嶼構(gòu)成菲律賓群島的一部分?！?月20日，美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)卿赫爾復(fù)函美國(guó)陸軍部長(zhǎng)鄧恩稱，“美國(guó)依據(jù)1898年條約從西班牙獲得的菲律賓群島的島嶼僅限于第三條規(guī)定的界限以內(nèi)”，同時(shí)關(guān)于南沙群島有關(guān)島嶼，“需要指出的是，沒有任何跡象顯示西班牙曾對(duì)這些島嶼中的任何一個(gè)行使主權(quán)或提出主張”。這些文件證明，菲律賓領(lǐng)土從來不包括南海諸島，這一事實(shí)為包括美國(guó)在內(nèi)的國(guó)際社會(huì)所承認(rèn)。 | 63. First, Nansha Qundao has never been part of the Philippine territory. The territorial scope of the Philippines has already been defined by a series of international treaties. The United States, administrator of the Philippines at the relevant time, was clearly aware of these facts. On 12 August 1933, ex-Senator Isabelo de los Reyes of the United States-governed Philippines wrote a letter to Governor-General Frank Murphy in an attempt to claim that some Nansha islands formed part of the Philippine Archipelago on the ground of geographical proximity. That letter was referred to the Department of War and the Department of State. On 9 October, the United States Secretary of State replied that, "These islands [...] lie at a considerable distance outside the limits of the Philippine Islands which were acquired from Spain in 1898". In May 1935, the United States Secretary of War George Dern wrote a letter to Secretary of State Cordell Hull, seeking the views of the State Department on the "validity and propriety" of the Philippines' territorial claims over some islands of Nansha Qundao. A memorandum of the Office of Historical Adviser in the State Department, signed by S.W. Boggs, pointed out that, "There is, of course, no basis for a claim on the part of the United States, as islands constituting part of the Philippine Archipelago". On 20 August, Secretary Hull officially replied in writing to Secretary Dern, stating that, "the islands of the Philippine group which the United States acquired from Spain by the treaty of 1898, were only those within the limits described in Article III", and that, referring to the relevant Nansha islands, "It may be observed that [...] no mention has been found of Spain having exercised sovereignty over, or having laid claim to, any of these islands". All these documents prove that the Philippines' territory never includes any part of Nanhai Zhudao, a fact that has been recognized by the international community, including the United States. |
| 64. 第二，“卡拉延島群”是菲律賓發(fā)現(xiàn)的“無主地”，這一說法根本不成立。菲律賓以其國(guó)民于1956年所謂“發(fā)現(xiàn)”為基礎(chǔ)，將中國(guó)南沙群島部分島礁稱為“卡拉延島群”，企圖制造地理名稱和概念上的混亂，并割裂南沙群島。事實(shí)上，南沙群島的地理范圍是清楚和明確的，菲律賓所謂“卡拉延島群”就是中國(guó)南沙群島的一部分。南沙群島早已成為中國(guó)領(lǐng)土不可分割的組成部分，絕非“無主地”。 | 64. Second, the claim that "Kalayaan Island Group" is "terra nullius" discovered by the Philippines is groundless. The Philippines claims that its nationals "discovered" the islands in 1956, and uses this as an excuse to single out some islands and reefs of China's Nansha Qundao and name them "Kalayaan Island Group". This is an attempt to create confusion over geographical names and concepts, and dismember China's Nansha Qundao. As a matter of fact, the geographical scope of Nansha Qundao is clear, and the so-called "Kalayaan Island Group" is part of China's Nansha Qundao. Nansha Qundao has long been an integral part of China's territory and is by no means "terra nullius". |
| 65. 第三，南沙群島也不是所謂的“托管地”。菲律賓稱，二戰(zhàn)后南沙群島是“托管地”，主權(quán)未定。菲律賓的說法從法律和事實(shí)看，都沒有根據(jù)。二戰(zhàn)后的“托管地”，均在有關(guān)國(guó)際條約或聯(lián)合國(guó)托管理事會(huì)相關(guān)文件中明確開列，南沙群島從未出現(xiàn)在上述名單上，根本就不是“托管地”。 | 65. Third, Nansha Qundao is not "trust territory" either. The Philippines claims that after the Second World War, Nansha Qundao became "trust territory", the sovereignty over which was undetermined. This claim finds no support in law or reality. The post-War trust territories were all specifically listed in relevant international treaties or the documents of the United Nations Trusteeship Council. Nansha Qundao was never included in them and was thus not trust territory at all. |
| 66. 第四，“地理鄰近”和“國(guó)家安全”都不是領(lǐng)土取得的國(guó)際法依據(jù)。世界上許多國(guó)家的部分領(lǐng)土遠(yuǎn)離其本土，有的甚至位于他國(guó)近岸。美國(guó)殖民統(tǒng)治菲律賓期間，就菲律賓群島附近一座島嶼的主權(quán)與荷蘭產(chǎn)生爭(zhēng)端，美國(guó)以“地理鄰近”為由提出的領(lǐng)土主張被判定為沒有國(guó)際法依據(jù)。以所謂“國(guó)家安全”為由侵占他國(guó)領(lǐng)土更是荒謬的。 | 66. Fourth, neither "contiguity or proximity" nor national security is a basis under international law for acquiring territory. Many countries have territories far away from their metropolitan areas, in some cases even very close to the shores of other countries. When exercising colonial rule over the Philippines, the United States had a dispute with the Netherlands regarding sovereignty over an island which is close to the Philippine Archipelago, and the United States' claim on the basis of contiguity was ruled as having no foundation in international law. Furthermore, it is just absurd to invade and occupy the territory of other countries on the ground of national security. |
| 67. 第五，菲律賓稱，中國(guó)南沙群島部分島礁位于其專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和大陸架范圍內(nèi)，因此有關(guān)島礁屬于菲律賓或構(gòu)成菲律賓大陸架組成部分。這一主張企圖以《公約》所賦予的海洋管轄權(quán)否定中國(guó)領(lǐng)土主權(quán)，與“陸地統(tǒng)治海洋”的國(guó)際法原則背道而馳，完全不符合《公約》的宗旨和目的。《公約》序言規(guī)定：“在妥為顧及所有國(guó)家主權(quán)的情形下，為海洋建立一種法律秩序……?！币虼?，沿海國(guó)必須在尊重他國(guó)領(lǐng)土主權(quán)的前提下主張海洋管轄權(quán)，不能將自己的海洋管轄權(quán)擴(kuò)展到他國(guó)領(lǐng)土上，更不能以此否定他國(guó)主權(quán)，侵犯他國(guó)領(lǐng)土。 | 67. Fifth, the Philippines claims that some islands and reefs of China's Nansha Qundao are located within its exclusive economic zone and continental shelf and therefore should fall under its sovereignty or form part of its continental shelf. This is an attempt to use maritime jurisdiction provided for under UNCLOS to deny China's territorial sovereignty. This runs directly counter to the "land dominates the sea" principle, and goes against the purpose of UNCLOS, as stated in its preamble, to "establish [...] with due regard for the sovereignty of all States, a legal order for the seas and ocean". Therefore, a coastal state can only claim maritime jurisdiction under the precondition of respecting the territorial sovereignty of another state. No state can extend its maritime jurisdiction to an area under the sovereignty of another; still less can it use such jurisdiction as an excuse to deny another state's sovereignty or even to infringe upon its territory. |
| 68. 第六，菲律賓所謂的“有效控制”是建立在非法侵占基礎(chǔ)上的，是非法無效的。國(guó)際社會(huì)不承認(rèn)武力侵占形成的所謂“有效控制”。菲律賓所謂“有效控制”是對(duì)中國(guó)南沙群島部分島礁赤裸裸的武力侵占，違背了《聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章》（以下簡(jiǎn)稱《憲章》）和國(guó)際關(guān)系基本準(zhǔn)則，為國(guó)際法所明確禁止。菲律賓建立在非法侵占基礎(chǔ)上的所謂“有效控制”，不能改變南沙群島是中國(guó)領(lǐng)土的基本事實(shí)。中國(guó)堅(jiān)決反對(duì)任何人試圖把南沙群島部分島礁被侵占的狀態(tài)視為所謂“既成事實(shí)”或“現(xiàn)狀”，中國(guó)對(duì)此絕不承認(rèn)。 | 68. Sixth, the Philippines' so-called "effective control" on the basis of its illegal seizure is null and void. The international community does not recognize "effective control" created through occupation by force. The Philippines' "effective control" is mere occupation by naked use of force of some islands and reefs of China's Nansha Qundao. Such occupation violates the Charter of the United Nations and the basic norms governing international relations and is unequivocally prohibited by international law. This so-called "effective control" based on illegal seizure cannot change the basic fact that Nansha Qundao is China's territory. China firmly opposes any attempt to treat the seizure of some islands and reefs of China's Nansha Qundao as a so-called "fait accompli" or "status quo". China will never recognize such a thing. |
| （三）國(guó)際海洋法制度的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致中菲出現(xiàn)海洋劃界爭(zhēng)議 | iii. The development of the international law of the sea gave rise to the dispute between China and the Philippines over maritime delimitation |
| 69. 隨著《公約》的制訂和生效，中國(guó)和菲律賓之間的南海有關(guān)爭(zhēng)議逐步激化。 | 69. With the formulation and entering into effect of UNCLOS, the relevant disputes between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea have gradually intensified. |
| 70. 基于中國(guó)人民和中國(guó)政府的長(zhǎng)期歷史實(shí)踐及歷屆中國(guó)政府的一貫立場(chǎng)，根據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)法以及國(guó)際法，包括1958年《中華人民共和國(guó)政府關(guān)于領(lǐng)海的聲明》、1992年《中華人民共和國(guó)領(lǐng)海及毗連區(qū)法》、1996年《中華人民共和國(guó)全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)關(guān)于批準(zhǔn)<聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約>的決定》、1998年《中華人民共和國(guó)專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和大陸架法》和1982年《聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約》，中國(guó)南海諸島擁有內(nèi)水、領(lǐng)海、毗連區(qū)、專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和大陸架。此外，中國(guó)在南海擁有歷史性權(quán)利。 | 70. Based on the practice of the Chinese people and the Chinese government in the long course of history and the position consistently upheld by successive Chinese governments, and pursuant to China's national law and under international law, including the 1958 Declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China on China's Territorial Sea, the 1992 Law of the People's Republic of China on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, the 1996 Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the 1998 Law of the People's Republic of China on the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf, and the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, China has, based on Nanhai Zhudao, internal waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. In addition, China has historic rights in the South China Sea. |
| 71. 根據(jù)菲律賓1949年第387號(hào)共和國(guó)法案、1961年第3046號(hào)共和國(guó)法案、1968年第5446號(hào)共和國(guó)法案、1968年第370號(hào)總統(tǒng)公告、1978年第1599號(hào)總統(tǒng)令、2009年第9522號(hào)共和國(guó)法案等法律，菲律賓公布了內(nèi)水、群島水域、領(lǐng)海，專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和大陸架。 | 71. The Philippines proclaimed its internal waters, archipelagic waters, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf according to, among others, the Philippines' Republic Act No. 387 of 1949, Republic Act No. 3046 of 1961, Republic Act No. 5446 and Presidential Proclamation No. 370 of 1968, Presidential Decree No. 1599 of 1978, and Republic Act No. 9522 of 2009. |
| 72. 在南海，中國(guó)的陸地領(lǐng)土海岸和菲律賓的陸地領(lǐng)土海岸相向，相距不足400海里。兩國(guó)主張的海洋權(quán)益區(qū)域重疊，由此產(chǎn)生海洋劃界爭(zhēng)議。 | 72. In the South China Sea, China and the Philippines are states possessing land territory with opposite coasts, the distance between which is less than 400 nautical miles. The maritime areas claimed by the two states overlap, giving rise to a dispute over maritime delimitation. |
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