作者:王曉輝
2018年10月30日,金庸先生走完了94歲的人生旅程,駕鶴西去。他的離世,引發(fā)了無數(shù)金庸迷的懷念與感慨,也讓人們重新審視金庸的貢獻(xiàn)和傳統(tǒng)武俠小說的文學(xué)地位。
中國傳統(tǒng)的武俠文學(xué)是一種獨(dú)特的文學(xué)形態(tài),從基因的角度來看,它更接近中國古典詩詞中的邊塞詩,是中國文人(主要是男性文人)英雄主義情結(jié)的文學(xué)表現(xiàn)。滿腔的英雄氣概無法在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中發(fā)揮時(shí),便會(huì)化作詩歌和小說渲泄出來,連自幼體弱多病只活了二十九歲的唐代詩人李賀,也發(fā)出了“男兒何不帶吳鉤,收取關(guān)山五十州”的錚錚強(qiáng)音。沿著這條文脈,我們很容易找到羅貫中、施耐庵、王昌齡、金庸、古龍這樣一批標(biāo)志性的人物。
西方也有騎士文學(xué)的傳統(tǒng),但與中國的武俠文學(xué)差異甚大。金庸先生在《鹿鼎記》英譯本的序言中談到了中國武俠小說的獨(dú)特性:
There is nothing quite like Martial Arts fiction in the Western literary tradition. There are certain similarities with the works of Walter Scott, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Alexandre Dumas. But there are also huge differences. If someone were to try to explain Martial Arts fiction to a Western reader by simply calling it 'Kung fu fiction', that person would be guilty either of extreme ignorance, or of excessive laziness. There is something more subtle involved. Western people believe in the Christian faith. Their idea of what is right is determined by God and interpreted for them by their priests. The Chinese have no pronounced religious sense. They have to decide for themselves what is right. If something is not right, if there is injustice, the weak may submit to it; but the strong will resist, they will often go to the aid of others, and be willing to sacrifice themselves in so doing. This is the spirit of the Chinese knight-errand. If a knight-errand employs Martial Arts skill to achieve that chivalrous, altruistic end, that's a fit subject for Martial Arts fiction.
金庸認(rèn)為西方文學(xué)沒有武俠小說,Walter Scott和Robert Louis Stevenson等人的作品雖有相似之處,但仍有巨大差異。如果有人告訴西方讀者武俠小說就是功夫小說,此人不是無知便是懶惰。西方人信基督教,凡事正確與否,均由上帝來裁定,由牧師來解釋。中國人則不然,是非要自己決定。面對(duì)不平,弱者順從,強(qiáng)者抗?fàn)?。仗義助人,舍身無悔,這是中國“俠”的精神,以武行俠,扶危濟(jì)困,即是武俠。
其實(shí),除了那些專業(yè)學(xué)者之外,普通讀者一般不會(huì)去關(guān)心武俠小說如何定位,在文學(xué)大系中處于什么地位,就像我們吃炒雞蛋,只要吃得心曠神怡就行了,用不著考慮那個(gè)生蛋的雞到底住在哪里,是京派雞還是海派雞。讀小說也是如此,我們喜歡武俠,喜歡金庸,這就足夠了。
金庸的作品有那么長(zhǎng)久的生命力,受到那么多人的追捧,絕非偶然。他筆下幾百個(gè)鮮活的人物,帝王將相,文人雅士,草莽英雄,和尚道人,各有各的面孔,各說各的語言,南腔北調(diào),大俗大雅,卻絲毫不會(huì)混淆。讀者往往能在金庸塑造的人物身上看到自己或者身邊人的影子,讀到自己常說或者常聽到的話。
先舉一個(gè)俗的例子。“寧碰閻王,莫碰老王”,這里的“老王”是金庸小說中鎮(zhèn)遠(yuǎn)鏢局的總鏢頭王維揚(yáng)。這句類似于口頭禪的表達(dá)方式在老百姓日常生活中經(jīng)常會(huì)聽到,似乎每個(gè)人心中都有一個(gè)老王。《書劍恩仇錄》第八回:
威震河朔王維揚(yáng)今年六十九歲,自三十歲起出來闖道走鏢,以一把八卦刀、一對(duì)八卦掌打遍江北綠林。他手創(chuàng)的“鎮(zhèn)遠(yuǎn)鏢局”在北方紅了三十多年,經(jīng)過不少大風(fēng)大浪,始終屹立不倒。綠林中有言道:“寧碰閻王,莫碰老王?!?/p>
Graham Earnshaw英譯:
Wang Weiyang was sixty-nine years old. The Zhen Yuan Security Agency, which he had built up with his own hands, has prospered in North China for more than thirty years in spite of strong and sometimes violent opposition. Everywhere they went Wang's Eight Trigrams swordplay and his Eight Trigrams fist kungfu were a byword. There was a saying in the fighting community: 'You'd be better off bumping into the Devil than into old Wang.'
這是一段非常干凈利落的譯文,Graham Earnshaw調(diào)整了次序,使譯文更符合英語習(xí)慣。他完整地翻譯了“他手創(chuàng)的‘鎮(zhèn)遠(yuǎn)鏢局’在北方紅了三十多年”,省略了“自三十歲起出來闖道走鏢”,因?yàn)檫@句話的意思已經(jīng)包含在前句之中,翻譯出來反倒顯得累贅。“寧碰閻王,莫碰老王”是百分百的直譯,形象生動(dòng),通俗易懂。最有趣的是Graham Earnshaw將“八卦掌”譯成Eight Trigrams fist kungfu(八卦拳),我想他是有意為之。西方人搏擊講究實(shí)效,多用拳而少用掌,更別說什么一陽指、二指禪之類的指頭功夫了。如果直譯為Eight Trigrams Palm,外國讀者很有可能理解為“掌摑”一類的功夫,他們也許會(huì)覺得很納悶,不就是扇耳光嘛,為什么要用八卦的方式呢?
再舉一個(gè)大雅的例子。《書劍恩仇錄》第八回,乾隆皇帝在海寧見到紅花會(huì)總舵主陳家洛,因是一母所生,所以似曾相識(shí),頓生好感。他從身上解下一塊佩玉,送給了陳家洛:
玉色晶瑩,在月光下發(fā)出淡淡柔光,陳家洛謝了接過,觸手生溫,原來是一塊異常珍貴的暖玉。玉上以金絲嵌著四行細(xì)篆銘文:“情深不壽,強(qiáng)極則辱。謙謙君子,溫潤(rùn)如玉?!?/p>
Graham Earnshaw英譯:
Chen accepted the stone. The jade emanated a pale radiance in the moonlight and holding it in his hand he found it slightly warm to the touch. He realized it was a piece of the incalculably valuable variety of jade known as 'warm jade'.
很明顯,最后一句沒有翻譯。乾隆到底有沒有這樣一塊暖玉,上面是否刻著這四句話,我們無從查考,很有可能這是金庸改編、組合、創(chuàng)造出來的。這四句話含義很深刻,前兩句是道家,后兩句是儒家,意思是用情太深就會(huì)損壽,過于強(qiáng)硬反而會(huì)弄的灰頭土臉,真正的君子,謙和儒雅,好像玉一樣溫潤(rùn)。
可是,Graham Earnshaw為什么沒有翻譯呢?是太難了,還是他認(rèn)為對(duì)于外國讀者來說可有可無?其實(shí)這句話還是很重要的,它能讓故事更豐滿,讓文字更增色,如果翻譯得準(zhǔn)確,還能向外國讀者介紹一下中國人的人生哲學(xué)。我班門弄斧,試譯如下:
The jade bore four columns of gold-inlaid inscriptions in fine seal characters:
Blind passion health injures,
Ultimate power humiliation incurs;
A modest gentleman is like jade,
Warm and mild.
十幾年前我在香港工作,與Graham Earnshaw是同事,時(shí)常在一起聊天吃飯,他給我看過《書劍恩仇錄》英譯的電子版,遺憾的是當(dāng)時(shí)沒有就此向他討教。