作者:王曉輝
中國(guó)古代四大名著除《紅樓夢(mèng)》之外,都有戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和打斗的描寫(xiě),涉及到的兵器也是形形色色,五花八門(mén)。很多兵器已經(jīng)與人物形象融為一體,不可或缺?!度龂?guó)演義》中關(guān)云長(zhǎng)的形象就是赤面長(zhǎng)髯,著鸚鵡綠戰(zhàn)袍,跨赤兔馬,提青龍偃月刀,我們很難想象手持一對(duì)板斧或者舉著一根狼牙棒的關(guān)公會(huì)是什么樣子。關(guān)羽的青龍偃月刀、張飛的丈八蛇矛、呂布的方天畫(huà)戟、孫悟空的如意金箍棒、豬八戒的九齒釘鈀,都是專(zhuān)人專(zhuān)用,替換不得。
【配圖:彭靖雯】
《西游記》中最為亮眼的兵器就是孫悟空的如意金箍棒和豬八戒的九齒釘鈀了。
如意金箍棒是最富于想象力的兵器,能夠按照人的心思變化大小粗細(xì),在我讀過(guò)的小說(shuō)中,這是獨(dú)一份的創(chuàng)意。《西游記》第三回,孫悟空從東海龍王那里得到金箍棒,回到花果山向眾猴炫耀:“他弄到歡喜處,跳上橋,走出洞外,將寶貝攥在手中,使一個(gè)法天象地的神通,把腰一躬,叫聲‘長(zhǎng)!’他就長(zhǎng)的高萬(wàn)丈,頭如泰山,腰如峻嶺,眼如閃電,口似血盆,牙如劍戟;手中那棒,上抵三十三天,下至十八層地獄,把些虎豹狼蟲(chóng),滿(mǎn)山群怪,七十二洞妖王,都唬得磕頭禮拜,戰(zhàn)兢兢魄散魂飛。霎時(shí)收了法象,將寶貝還變做個(gè)繡花針兒,藏在耳內(nèi),復(fù)歸洞府。慌得那各洞妖王,都來(lái)參賀?!?/p>
小學(xué)時(shí)讀《西游記》,看到這一段,不禁熱血沸騰,多么希望自己也能有一根金箍棒??!有了金箍棒,自己在班級(jí)甚至學(xué)校的“江湖”地位都會(huì)大不一樣。
如意金箍棒是太上老君打造的,兩頭是兩個(gè)金箍,中間是一段烏鐵,有星斗鋪陳;緊挨著金箍有鐫成的一行字:“如意金箍棒”,重一萬(wàn)三千五百斤。后來(lái)大禹治水,用它來(lái)測(cè)江海的深淺,因此又叫“天河定底神珍鐵”。此棒到了孫悟空的手里,才算遇到了真正的主人,成為了驚天動(dòng)地的神器。
《西游記》第七十五回,孫悟空在獅駝嶺曾這樣夸耀自己的如意金箍棒:
“棒是九轉(zhuǎn)鑌鐵煉,老君親手爐中煅。
禹王求得號(hào)神珍,四海八河為定驗(yàn)。
中間星斗暗鋪陳,兩頭箝裹黃金片。
花紋密布鬼神驚,上造龍紋與鳳篆。
名號(hào)靈陽(yáng)棒一條,深藏海藏人難見(jiàn)。
成形變化要飛騰,飄飖五色霞光現(xiàn)。
老孫得道取歸山,無(wú)窮變化多經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
時(shí)間要大甕來(lái)粗,或小些微如鐵線。
粗如南岳細(xì)如針,長(zhǎng)短隨吾心意變。
輕輕舉動(dòng)彩云生,亮亮飛騰如閃電。
攸攸冷氣逼人寒,條條殺霧空中現(xiàn)。
降龍伏虎謹(jǐn)隨身,天涯海角都游遍。
曾將此棍鬧天宮,威風(fēng)打散蟠桃宴。
天王賭斗未曾贏,哪吒對(duì)敵難交戰(zhàn)。
棍打諸神沒(méi)躲藏,天兵十萬(wàn)都逃竄。
雷霆眾將護(hù)靈霄,飛身打上通明殿。
掌朝天使盡皆驚,護(hù)駕仙卿俱攪亂。
舉棒掀翻北斗宮,回首振開(kāi)南極院。
金闕天皇見(jiàn)棍兇,特請(qǐng)如來(lái)與我見(jiàn)。
兵家勝負(fù)自如然,困苦災(zāi)危無(wú)可辨。
整整挨排五百年,虧了南海菩薩勸。
大唐有個(gè)出家僧,對(duì)天發(fā)下洪誓愿。
枉死城中度鬼魂,靈山會(huì)上求經(jīng)卷。
西方一路有妖魔,行動(dòng)甚是不方便。
已知鐵棒世無(wú)雙,央我途中為侶伴。
邪魔湯著赴幽冥,肉化紅塵骨化面。
處處妖精棒下亡,論萬(wàn)成千無(wú)打算。
上方擊壞斗牛宮,下方壓損森羅殿。
天將曾將九曜追,地府打傷催命判。
半空丟下振山川,勝如太歲新華劍。
全憑此棍保唐僧,天下妖魔都打遍!”
這一大段說(shuō)不上是詩(shī),更像是順口溜,是典型的說(shuō)書(shū)人的口吻。中文理解起來(lái)并不難,但翻譯成流暢易懂的英譯順口溜可就不容易了。我們來(lái)看看詹納爾教授的譯文:
The cudgel is made of nine-cycled wrought iron
Tempered by Lord Lao Zi himself in his furnace.
King Yu called it a divine treasure when he obtained it
To hold the eight rivers and four oceans in place.
In its middle the constellations are secretly set out,
And each end is banded with yellow gold.
Ghosts and gods are amazed at its intricate decorations,
Dragon patterns and phoenix signs.
Known as the Divine Male Cudgel,
It was inaccessibly deep in the bed of the sea.
Its shape can change and it knows how to fly,
Sending clouds of many colours drifting through the air.
Once it was mine I took it back to my mountain,
Where I discovered how its infinite changes.
When I want size it's as thick as a vat,
Or it can be as thin as an iron wire,
Huge as a mountain or small as a needle,
Adapting its length to the wishes of my heart.
Lightly I lift it and coloured clouds spring up,
Or it flies through the sky and flashes like lightning.
The cold air it gives off chills all who feel it,
And ominous mists appear in the sky.
I have carried it with me to beat dragons and tigers,
Travelling to all of the ends of the earth.
Once with this cudgel I made havoc in heaven,
And used its great might to wreck the peach banquet.
The heavenly kings were unable to beat me,
And Nezha was hard pressed to match me in combat.
With this cudgel against them the gods had no safe refuge;
A hundred thousand heavenly troops all scattered and fled.
The gods of thunder guarded the Hall of Miraculous Mist
When the cudgel attacked the Palace of Universal Brightness.
All of the angels at court were flustered
And the Jade Emperor's ministers were thrown into panic.
I raised my cudgel to overturn the Palace of the Dipper,
Then turned back to shake up the South Pole Compound.
Seeing my dread cudgel at his golden gates
The Jade Emperor invited the Buddha to see me.
The soldier takes defeat and victory in his stride;
There is nothing to choose between suffering and disaster.
I stuck it out for full five hundred years
Until I was converted by the Bodhisattva Guanyin.
Then a holy monk appeared in Tang
Who swore a mighty oath to heaven,
To save the souls in the City of the Unjustly slain
And fetch the sutras at an assembly on Vulture Mountain.
On the journey to the West are many evil monsters
Whose actions would be a great obstacle to him.
So, knowing that my cudgel is matchless in the world,
He begged me to be his companion on the journey.
When it struck down evil spirits they were sent to the Underworld,
Their flesh turned to red dust and their bones all to powder.
Evil spirits everywhere were killed by the cudgel,
In thousands upon thousands too numerous to count.
Up above it wrecked the Dipper and Bull Palace,
And below it ruined the Senluo Court in Hell.
Of the heavenly generals it routed the Nine Bright Shiners,
And it wounded all of the Underworld's judges.
Dropped from mid-air it shakes mountains and rivers;
It is stronger than the sword of an evil star.
With this cudgel alone I protect the Tang Priest
And kill all the evil monsters in the world.
如意金箍棒是鑌鐵做的。鑌鐵是古代的精鐵,據(jù)說(shuō)原產(chǎn)于波斯、印度等地,南北朝時(shí)傳入中國(guó)。“九轉(zhuǎn)鑌鐵”就是經(jīng)過(guò)多次回爐鍛打的熟鐵(wrought iron),而且還是太上老君親手打造,所以,詹納爾教授將其譯成The cudgel is made of nine-cycled wrought iron tempered by Lord Lao Zi himself in his furnace. wrought是work的過(guò)去分詞的舊式用法,用作形容詞,多指加工、鍛造,如wrought iron(熟鐵、鍛鐵)、wrought steel pipe(軋制鋼管)。temper則是“回火”的意思,是“煉”。漢語(yǔ)中多組合詞,如“鍛煉”就是由兩個(gè)不同的詞組成,在翻譯成英文的時(shí)候必須區(qū)分清楚。
如意金箍棒原是大禹治水時(shí)測(cè)定江海的一個(gè)定子,號(hào)稱(chēng)“定海神珍鐵”,后來(lái)口口相傳,就走形了,變成了“定海神針”?!吧襻槨庇⑽氖莇ivine needle,“神珍”是divine treasure或者倒過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)treasure divine也可以。除了“定海神珍鐵”之外,如意金箍棒還有一個(gè)名字,叫“靈陽(yáng)棒”,詹納爾教授將靈陽(yáng)棒翻譯成Divine Male Cudgel,意思是“神奇的男性的短棍”。我感覺(jué)這樣翻譯過(guò)于實(shí)在,容易讓外國(guó)讀者產(chǎn)生一些沒(méi)有必要的聯(lián)想。余國(guó)藩教授將靈陽(yáng)棒翻譯成Rod of Numinous Yang,可做參考。
孫悟空說(shuō)出這段順口溜介紹如意金箍棒,卻也沒(méi)忘了吹噓和抬高自己。明明是玉皇大帝請(qǐng)如來(lái)佛祖收拾他,他卻說(shuō)“金闕天皇見(jiàn)棍兇,特請(qǐng)如來(lái)與我見(jiàn)”;明明是觀音菩薩點(diǎn)化,唐三藏把他解救出來(lái),收為徒弟,去西天取經(jīng),卻被他說(shuō)成“(唐僧)已知鐵棒世無(wú)雙,央我途中為侶伴”。雖是說(shuō)來(lái)嚇唬妖魔,也反映出孫悟空性格的可愛(ài)之處。
下面再聊聊豬八戒的九齒釘鈀。 因?yàn)橛袑O悟空的如意金箍棒在先,讀者往往會(huì)忽視豬八戒的九齒釘鈀。其實(shí),老豬的這個(gè)物件來(lái)頭很大,一點(diǎn)兒都不亞于孫悟空的如意金箍棒。關(guān)于這件兵器的來(lái)歷,作者沒(méi)做專(zhuān)門(mén)介紹,而是讓豬八戒自己說(shuō)出來(lái)的?!段饔斡洝返谑呕?,孫悟空與豬八戒在云棧洞交手,悟空故意調(diào)侃他說(shuō),你這鈀子可是在高老莊給人家鋤地種菜用的?八戒很受傷害,我這家伙兒豈是凡間之物?且聽(tīng)我道來(lái):
“此是鍛煉神冰鐵,磨琢成工光皎潔。
老君自己動(dòng)鈐錘,熒惑親身添炭屑。
五方五帝用心機(jī),六丁六甲費(fèi)周折。
造成九齒玉垂牙,鑄就雙環(huán)金墜葉。
身妝六曜排五星,體按四時(shí)依八節(jié)。
短長(zhǎng)上下定乾坤,左右陰陽(yáng)分日月。
六爻神將按天條,八卦星辰依斗列。
名為上寶遜金鈀,進(jìn)與玉皇鎮(zhèn)丹闕。
因我修成大羅仙,為吾養(yǎng)就長(zhǎng)生客。
敕封元帥號(hào)天蓬,欽賜釘鈀為御節(jié)。
舉起烈焰并毫光,落下猛風(fēng)飄瑞雪。
天曹神將盡皆驚,地府閻羅心膽怯。
人間那有這般兵,世上更無(wú)此等鐵。
隨身變化可心懷,任意翻騰依口訣。
相攜數(shù)載未曾離,伴我?guī)啄隉o(wú)日別。
日食三餐并不丟,夜眠一宿渾無(wú)撇。
也曾佩去赴蟠桃,也曾帶他朝帝闕。
皆因仗酒卻行兇,只為倚強(qiáng)便撒潑。
上天貶我降凡塵,下世盡我作罪孽。
石洞心邪曾吃人,高莊情喜婚姻結(jié)。
這鈀下海掀翻龍鼉窩,上山抓碎虎狼穴。
諸般兵刃且休題,惟有吾當(dāng)鈀最切。
相持取勝有何難,賭斗求功不用說(shuō)。
何怕你銅頭鐵腦一身鋼,鈀到魂消神氣泄!”
無(wú)獨(dú)有偶,這九齒釘鈀竟然也是太上老君打造的。老子在人間的時(shí)候是個(gè)哲學(xué)家和思想家,得道成仙之后,搖身一變,成了天上的“大國(guó)工匠”,專(zhuān)門(mén)打造各種兵器。如意金箍棒、九齒釘鈀、金剛琢、紫金鈴都是他老人家的作品。
據(jù)豬八戒介紹,他的釘鈀原料是神冰鐵,經(jīng)過(guò)拋光打磨,晶亮皎潔;掌錘首席工匠是太上老君,五方天帝和六丁六甲之神都參與了設(shè)計(jì)和施工;不僅用料精良,設(shè)計(jì)講究,在裝潢上也是嚴(yán)格按照四時(shí)八節(jié)、乾坤陰陽(yáng)、六爻八卦的規(guī)范。這個(gè)鈀子正式的名稱(chēng)是“上寶遜金鈀”,是獻(xiàn)給玉皇大帝的鎮(zhèn)闕之寶。豬八戒當(dāng)了天蓬元帥之后,玉帝把這個(gè)鈀子賜給他,既是兵器,也是調(diào)動(dòng)軍隊(duì)的權(quán)利象征。由此可見(jiàn),當(dāng)年在天庭,豬八戒的地位遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于有名無(wú)實(shí)的“齊天大圣”。
限于篇幅,就不討論整首詩(shī)的翻譯了,讀者如果感興趣,可對(duì)照詹納爾教授的譯文(外文出版社 FLP 2018 Vol. one, P.441)和余國(guó)藩教授的譯文(上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社 2016, P.493)。
最后,將余國(guó)藩和詹納爾兩位譯者關(guān)于如意金箍棒和九齒釘鈀的翻譯羅列如下,供大家學(xué)習(xí)參考。
如意金箍棒
The Compliant Golden-Hooped Rod (余國(guó)藩譯)
As-You-Will Gold-Banded Cudgel (詹納爾譯)
九齒釘鈀
Nine-Pronged Muckrake (余國(guó)藩譯)
Nine-Pronged Rake (詹納爾譯)
忍不住再說(shuō)兩句。余國(guó)藩教授將豬八戒的九齒釘鈀譯成muckrake,也就是糞鈀,似乎不妥。九齒釘鈀是太上老君精心打造獻(xiàn)給玉皇大帝的,不可能照著糞鈀來(lái)做,且釘鈀種類(lèi)繁多,有摟草用的,有松土和平整土地用的,有刨紅薯和馬鈴薯用的。九齒以上的釘鈀(如十一齒、十四齒)多是用來(lái)清除雜草和平整土地用的,而糞鈀齒長(zhǎng)且結(jié)實(shí),有三四個(gè)齒足矣。
釘鈀是古代兵器,桿長(zhǎng)齒利,在明代抗倭戰(zhàn)斗中曾是軍中利器。其歷史悠久,是由農(nóng)具演變而來(lái),這也充分反映了中國(guó)農(nóng)耕文明的底色。
如意金箍棒與孫悟空,九齒釘鈀與豬八戒,堪稱(chēng)經(jīng)典絕配。