中國應(yīng)對氣候變化的政策與行動 2012年度報告
China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change (2012)
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調(diào)整字號大小: 
| 一、減緩氣候變化 | I. Mitigating Climate Change |
| 控制溫室氣體排放是中國積極應(yīng)對全球氣候變化的重要任務(wù)，也是加快轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟發(fā)展方式和推進產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級的必然要求。2011年中國政府發(fā)布了《“十二五”控制溫室氣體排放工作方案》，將“十二五”碳強度下降目標分解落實到各?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市），優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和能源結(jié)構(gòu)，大力開展節(jié)能降耗，努力增加碳匯，低碳發(fā)展取得積極成效。 | Controlling greenhouse gas emissions is not only a key task in China's efforts to address global climate change, but also an essential part of the country's drive to accelerate the shift in its economic development mode and promote industrial transformation and upgrading. In 2011, the Chinese Government issued the Work Plan for Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period, which assigns specific carbon intensity reduction targets to all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. China has achieved positive results in low-carbon development by optimizing industry and energy structures, vigorously conserving energy and reducing energy consumption, and increasing carbon sinks. |
| （一）調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu) | (I) Adjusting Industrial Structure |
| 推動傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)改造升級。國家發(fā)展改革委修訂并發(fā)布《產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整指導(dǎo)目錄（2011年本）》，強化通過結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級實現(xiàn)節(jié)能減排的戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向。加強節(jié)能評估審查、環(huán)境影響評價和建設(shè)用地預(yù)審，進一步提高行業(yè)準入門檻，嚴格控制高耗能、高排放和產(chǎn)能過剩行業(yè)新上項目。嚴格控制高耗能、高排放產(chǎn)品出口。國務(wù)院印發(fā)了工業(yè)和信息化部牽頭編制的《工業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級規(guī)劃（2011-2015年）》，著力推動工業(yè)綠色低碳發(fā)展。工業(yè)和信息化部發(fā)布了鋼鐵、有色、建材、石化和化工、節(jié)能與新能源汽車、工業(yè)節(jié)能、大宗固廢、清潔生產(chǎn)等“十二五”規(guī)劃，推動工業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級。同時狠抓技術(shù)改造，完善管理辦法，加大支持力度，突出支持重點，2011年共安排工業(yè)專項技改資金135億元，帶動投資2791億元，使技改工作的針對性、有效性和影響力得到明顯提升。 | Transformation and upgrading of traditional industries. The National Development and Reform Commission has released the 2011 edition of the Guideline Catalogue for Industrial Restructuring, further underlining the country's strategic direction towards conserving energy and cutting emissions by optimizing and upgrading its industrial structure. The government has stepped up evaluation and examination of energy conservation, environmental impact assessments, and preliminary examination of land used for construction projects. It has raised the entry threshold for certain industries and strictly limited new projects in industries with high energy consumption, high pollutant emissions or excess capacity. It has also rigorously controlled the export of products with high energy consumption and high pollutant emissions. The State Council has disseminated the Plan for Industrial Transformation and Upgrading (2011-2015) drawn up by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology to promote green and low-carbon industrial development. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has released specific development plans for the 12th Five-Year Plan period to boost industrial transformation and upgrading in a number of key industries, including iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, building materials, petrochemicals and chemicals, energy-saving and new-energy vehicles, industrial energy conservation, bulk solid waste and clean production. Meanwhile, in order to promote technological upgrading, the ministry has improved management mechanisms and increased support with a number of priorities identified. In 2011, the government earmarked 13.5 billion yuan in technological upgrading funds, which in turn generated investments amounting to 279.1 billion yuan. Efforts to stimulate technological upgrading have become more targeted and effective and have yielded very positive results. |
| 扶持戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。國務(wù)院印發(fā)了《“十二五”國家戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃》，明確我國節(jié)能環(huán)保產(chǎn)業(yè)、新一代信息技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)、生物產(chǎn)業(yè)、高端裝備制造業(yè)、新能源產(chǎn)業(yè)、新材料產(chǎn)業(yè)、新能源汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)等七大類戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展路線圖。國家發(fā)展改革委牽頭制定了重點工作分工方案，細化明確國務(wù)院各部門的具體任務(wù)；加快建立戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)統(tǒng)計體系，組織戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)試測算工作，研究起草《戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)重點產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)分類目錄》；進一步加大對重大項目建設(shè)的支持力度，組織實施了一批重大產(chǎn)業(yè)工程和重點專項，設(shè)立了戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展專項資金；積極推動新興產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)投計劃，新興產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)投計劃支持創(chuàng)投基金已達102只，總規(guī)模近290億元，其中主要投資于節(jié)能環(huán)保和新能源領(lǐng)域的基金有24只，規(guī)模超過70億元。 | Supporting the development of strategic and newly emerging industries. The State Council has issued the Development Plan for National Strategic Emerging Industries During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period. It charts the road map for seven strategic emerging industries - energy conservation and environmental protection, new-generation information technology, biology, high-end equipment manufacturing, new energy, new materials and new-energy vehicles. The National Development and Reform Commission has issued a plan assigning specific tasks to each State Council department, accelerated the development of a statistical system for measuring the performance of strategic emerging industries and carried out trial evaluations, and drafted the Catalogue of Key Products and Services in Strategic Emerging Industries. Meanwhile, it has given greater support to the development of key projects, carrying out a number of major industrial projects and special programs. It has initiated a special fund to boost the development of strategic emerging industries, and expanded its venture capital program for emerging industries. So far 102 venture capital funds have been set up under the program, managing a total of 29 billion yuan. Among these funds, 24, with a total value of 7 billion yuan, are designed to stimulate the development of the energy-saving, environmental protection and new energy sectors. |
| 大力發(fā)展服務(wù)業(yè)。繼續(xù)做好《國務(wù)院關(guān)于加快發(fā)展服務(wù)業(yè)的若干意見》、《國務(wù)院辦公廳關(guān)于加快發(fā)展服務(wù)業(yè)若干政策措施的實施意見》等有關(guān)文件的貫徹落實，2011年又印發(fā)了《國務(wù)院辦公廳關(guān)于加快發(fā)展高技術(shù)服務(wù)業(yè)的指導(dǎo)意見》，進一步改善服務(wù)業(yè)環(huán)境、提高服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展水平。在《產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整指導(dǎo)目錄（2011年本）》中重新劃分了服務(wù)業(yè)類別，大幅增加鼓勵類服務(wù)業(yè)條目，初步形成了鼓勵發(fā)展服務(wù)業(yè)的門類體系。加強和改進市場準入、人才服務(wù)、品牌培育、服務(wù)業(yè)標準、服務(wù)認證示范和服務(wù)業(yè)統(tǒng)計等方面工作。在全國范圍積極開展服務(wù)業(yè)綜合改革試點，并在一些領(lǐng)域建立了跨部門的工作協(xié)調(diào)機制。全國多數(shù)省市制定印發(fā)了加快發(fā)展服務(wù)業(yè)的政策文件，積極推進生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)業(yè)集聚區(qū)建設(shè)，加快促進重大服務(wù)業(yè)項目建設(shè)。 | Vigorously developing the service industry. Apart from continuously implementing the State Council Opinions on Accelerating the Development of the Service Industry, the Opinions of the State Council General Office on Implementing the Policy Measures for Accelerating the Development of the Service Industry and other relevant documents, the government in 2011 published the Guidance of the State Council General Office for Accelerating the Development of Hi-tech Service Industry, in a bid to further improve the environment for the development and upgrading of the service sector. In the Guideline Catalogue for Industrial Restructuring (2011 version), the government redefined service industry sub-sectors and included more sectors under the “Encourage” category. A basic classification system has been drawn up to encourage the development of the service sector. The government has also stepped up and improved its work on market entry, human resources, brand building, standardization, certification and statistics on the service sector. It has carried out nationwide trials of comprehensive reforms in the service sector and set up inter-departmental coordination mechanisms in key areas. Most provinces and cities have released policy documents to encourage the development of the service sector, actively promoted the creation of producer service industry development zones, and accelerated the development of key service sector projects. |
| 加快淘汰落后產(chǎn)能。繼續(xù)貫徹落實《關(guān)于抑制部分行業(yè)產(chǎn)能過剩和重復(fù)建設(shè)引導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)健康發(fā)展的若干意見》和《關(guān)于進一步加強淘汰落后產(chǎn)能工作的通知》，完善落后產(chǎn)能退出機制，2011年工業(yè)和信息化部、國家發(fā)展改革委等有關(guān)部門聯(lián)合印發(fā)了《關(guān)于印發(fā)淘汰落后產(chǎn)能工作考核實施方案的通知》、《關(guān)于做好淘汰落后產(chǎn)能和兼并重組企業(yè)職工安置工作的意見》、《高耗能落后機電設(shè)備（產(chǎn)品）淘汰目錄（第二批）》等，加強對淘汰落后產(chǎn)能工作的檢查考核，督促指導(dǎo)各地切實做好企業(yè)職工安置工作。2011年，全國共關(guān)停小火電機組800萬千瓦左右，淘汰落后煉鐵產(chǎn)能3192萬噸、煉鋼產(chǎn)能2846萬噸、水泥（熟料及磨機）產(chǎn)能1.55億噸、焦炭產(chǎn)能2006萬噸、平板玻璃3041萬重量箱、造紙產(chǎn)能830萬噸、電解鋁產(chǎn)能63.9萬噸、銅冶煉產(chǎn)能42.5萬噸、鉛冶煉產(chǎn)能66.1萬噸、煤產(chǎn)能4870萬噸。 | Speeding up the elimination of backward production capacity. Continuing to implement the Opinions on Curbing Overcapacity and Redundant Construction in Some Industries and Guiding the Sound Development of Industries, as well as the Notice of Further Strengthening Elimination of Obsolete Production Capacity, China has been making efforts to improve the exit mechanism for obsolete production capacity. In 2011, relevant departments, including the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the National Development and Reform Commission, jointly issued the Notice of Issuing the Implementation Plan to Assess the Work of Eliminating Obsolete Production Capacity, the Opinions on Resettling Workers Laid off due to Elimination of Obsolete Production Capacity and Corporate Merger and Restructuring, and the Catalogue (2nd Batch) of Obsolete Mechanical and Electrical Equipments (Products) Eliminated due to High Energy Consumption. Following the guidelines set out in these documents, the government has improved its examination and evaluation of efforts to eliminate obsolete production capacity, and issued directions to local governments on the redeployment of displaced employees. In 2011, China shut down small thermal power generating units with a total generating capacity of 8 million kw and eliminated obsolete production capacity in the following industries: iron smelting, 31.92 million tons; steel production, 28.46 million tons; cement (clinker and mill), 155 million tons; coke, 20.06 million tons; plate glass, 30.41 million cases; paper, 8.3 million tons; electrolytic aluminum, 639,000 tons; copper smelting, 425,000 tons; lead smelting, 661,000 tons, and coal production, 48.7 million tons. |
| （二）節(jié)能提高能效 | (II) Conserving Energy and Improving Energy Efficiency |
| 加強節(jié)能考核和管理。國務(wù)院印發(fā)了《“十二五”節(jié)能減排綜合性工作方案》，分解下達“十二五”節(jié)能目標，實施地區(qū)目標考核與行業(yè)目標評價相結(jié)合、落實五年目標與完成年度目標相結(jié)合、年度目標考核與進度跟蹤相結(jié)合，并按季度發(fā)布各地區(qū)節(jié)能目標完成情況晴雨表。工業(yè)和信息化部發(fā)布了《工業(yè)節(jié)能“十二五”規(guī)劃》；住房城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)部發(fā)布了《關(guān)于落實<國務(wù)院關(guān)于印發(fā)“十二五”節(jié)能減排綜合性工作方案的通知>的實施方案》、《“十二五”建筑節(jié)能專項規(guī)劃》和《關(guān)于加快推動我國綠色建筑發(fā)展的實施意見》；交通運輸部發(fā)布了《關(guān)于公路水路交通運輸行業(yè)落實國務(wù)院“十二五”節(jié)能減排綜合性工作方案的實施意見》及部門分工方案，印發(fā)了《交通運輸行業(yè)“十二五”控制溫室氣體排放工作方案》；國務(wù)院機關(guān)事務(wù)管理局發(fā)布了《公共機構(gòu)節(jié)能“十二五”規(guī)劃》。 | Enhancing the assessment and management of energy conservation. The State Council has issued the Comprehensive Work Plan on Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period (2011-2015), which includes a breakdown of energy-saving objectives during the period of the plan. Combining assessment of regional targets with evaluation of industry goals, implementation of five-year targets with fulfillment of annual targets, assessment of annual targets with progress tracking, China releases quarterly reports on the completion of energy conservation targets in each region. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has released the Blueprint of Conserving Energy in the Industrial Sector During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period; the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development has released the Implementation Plan for Carrying out the Notice of the State Council to Issue the Comprehensive Work Plan on Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period, the Special Blueprint of Conserving Energy in the Construction Sector During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period, and the Implementation Opinions Concerning Accelerating the Development of China’s Green Buildings; the Ministry of Transport has released the Opinions on the Implementation of the State Council’s Comprehensive Work Plan on Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period in the Transport Industry Including Highway and Waterway, a plan to distribute tasks among its various departments, and the Work Plan for Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period in the Transport Industry; the Government Offices Administration of the State Council has released the Blueprint of Conserving Energy in Public Institutions During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period. |
| 進一步完善節(jié)能標準。截止2011年底，國家質(zhì)檢總局、國家發(fā)展改革委累計出臺的高耗能產(chǎn)品能耗限額強制性國家標準達到28項。工業(yè)和信息化部、交通運輸部等有關(guān)部門組織開展若干重點行業(yè)、重點產(chǎn)品強制性能耗限額標準以及內(nèi)燃機等工業(yè)通用設(shè)備能效標準制定和修訂工作；組織22項行業(yè)標準立項，復(fù)審209項節(jié)能標準；抽查重點用能行業(yè)單位產(chǎn)品能耗限額標準執(zhí)行情況和高耗能落后機電設(shè)備（產(chǎn)品）淘汰情況；廢止道路運輸車輛燃料消耗量過渡期車型表，截至2012年6月底，累計發(fā)布19批達標車型表，發(fā)布達標車型近2萬多個，新購營運車輛開始全面執(zhí)行燃料消耗量限值標準，批準發(fā)布《汽車駕駛節(jié)能操作規(guī)范》等5項行業(yè)標準。 | Improving standards of energy efficiency. By the end of 2011, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and the National Development and Reform Commission had set a total of 28 mandatory national standards on energy consumption quotas for high-energy-consuming products. Relevant departments, including the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Transport, have formulated and revised mandatory standards on energy consumption quotas for key industries and products, as well as the energy efficiency standards for general industrial equipment such as internal combustion engines; they have also initiated 22 projects on industry standards and reviewed 209 energy efficiency standards, carried out spot checks on the implementation of standards on energy consumption per unit product in key industries and the elimination of obsolete mechanical and electrical equipment with high energy consumption, and abolished a list of substandard, high fuel consumption vehicle models that had been permitted to continue operating for a transitional period. By the end of June 2012, 19 batches of vehicle models that meet current standards had been published, covering more than 20,000 models. Newly-purchased operational vehicles have to fully implement the fuel consumption standards. Additionally, five industry standards, including the Energy-Saving Operation Specifications for Driving Vehicles, have been approved and released. |
| 推廣節(jié)能技術(shù)與產(chǎn)品。積極推進采用節(jié)能技術(shù)，國家發(fā)展改革委牽頭發(fā)布第四批《國家重點節(jié)能技術(shù)推廣目錄》，公布煤炭、電力、鋼鐵等13個行業(yè)的22項節(jié)能技術(shù)；工業(yè)和信息化部下發(fā)了《關(guān)于開展重點用能行業(yè)能效水平對標達標活動的通知》，指導(dǎo)各地深入開展能效水平對標達標，實施重點企業(yè)節(jié)能技術(shù)改造，積極推廣先進節(jié)能生產(chǎn)工藝；編制完成鋼鐵、石化、有色、建材等11個重點行業(yè)節(jié)能減排先進適用技術(shù)目錄、應(yīng)用案例和技術(shù)指南，涉及600多項節(jié)能技術(shù)；繼續(xù)推進工業(yè)企業(yè)能源管理中心建設(shè)，開展工業(yè)能耗在線監(jiān)測試點，組織制訂工業(yè)能效提升計劃和電機能效提升計劃，提出工業(yè)能效提升路線圖和低能效電機淘汰路線圖，2011年全年共推廣節(jié)能電機200多萬千瓦。繼續(xù)實施節(jié)能產(chǎn)品惠民工程，推廣使用節(jié)能產(chǎn)品，2011年全國共推廣高效節(jié)能空調(diào)1826多萬臺、節(jié)能燈1.5億只、節(jié)能汽車400多萬輛。 | Promoting energy conservative technologies and products. China has actively promoted the adoption of energy-saving technologies. The National Development and Reform Commission oversaw the publication of the fourth edition of State Key Energy-Efficient Technology Promotion Catalogues, covering 22 energy-efficient technologies in 13 industries including coal, electric power, and iron and steel. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has published the Notice of Carrying out Energy Efficiency Benchmarking and Target-Hitting Activities in Key Industries, directing all local governments to press ahead with these activities, implement energy-saving technologies in key enterprises, and actively promote advanced energy-saving production processes. Catalogues, applications and technical guidelines for advanced energy conservation and emissions reduction technologies have been compiled for 11 key industries including iron and steel, petrochemicals, nonferrous metals and building materials, covering more than 600 energy-saving technologies; the ministry has continued to promote the creation of energy management centers in industrial enterprises, and launched pilot programs for the online monitoring of industrial energy consumption. It also formulated plans to improve energy efficiency in industry and the efficiency of electrical equipment, including roadmaps for the improvement of energy efficiency in industry and the elimination of energy-inefficient equipment, and in 2011 distributed energy-efficient equipment with a total generating capacity of more than 2 million kw. The government continues to promote energy-saving products under a project to subsidize the use of these products. In 2011, the country distributed more than 18.26 million high-efficiency air conditioners, 150 million energy-saving lamps and more than 4 million energy-efficient motor vehicles. |
| 實施重點節(jié)能改造工程。國家發(fā)展改革委繼續(xù)組織實施鍋爐（窯爐）改造、電機系統(tǒng)節(jié)能、節(jié)約和替代石油、能量系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化、余熱余壓利用、建筑節(jié)能、綠色照明等重點節(jié)能改造工程。發(fā)布了《中國逐步淘汰白熾燈路線圖》，決定從2012年10月1日起逐步禁止進口和銷售普通照明白熾燈。2011年新增節(jié)能建筑面積13.9億平方米，完成北方15個?。▍^(qū)、市）既有居住建筑供熱計量及建筑節(jié)能改造面積1.4億平方米；天津等10個低碳交通運輸體系建設(shè)第一批城市試點繼續(xù)推進，啟動了北京等16個低碳交通運輸體系建設(shè)第二批城市試。2011年，通過重點節(jié)能改造工程建設(shè)，可形成1700多萬噸標準煤的節(jié)能能力。 | Carrying out key energy-saving projects. The National Development and Reform Commission continues to undertake key energy-saving projects, including improving the efficiency of boilers, furnaces and electrical equipment, economizing on the use of oil and using oil substitutes, energy system optimization, re-use of surplus heat and pressure, construction of energy-saving buildings, and a green lighting project. It has published the Roadmap for IL (Incandescent Lamps) Phase-out, and banned the import or sale of 100-watt-or-greater incandescent bulbs from October 1, 2012. In 2011, the country constructed 1.39 billion square meters of energy-efficient floor space and completed heat metering and energy efficiency renovations on 140 million square meters of existing residential buildings in 15 provinces, autonomous regions and cities in northern China. Following on from a pilot program to construct low-carbon transport systems in ten cities including Tianjin, a second program has been launched in 16 cities, including Beijing. These key projects and others saved energy equivalent to more than 17 million tons of standard coal in 2011. |
| 發(fā)展循環(huán)經(jīng)濟。國家發(fā)展改革委編制了《循環(huán)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展“十二五”規(guī)劃》，頒布實施了《廢棄電氣電子產(chǎn)品回收利用管理辦法》；總結(jié)凝練了60個國家循環(huán)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展典型模式案例；選擇了22個園區(qū)繼續(xù)實施園區(qū)循環(huán)化改造示范試點工程，選擇7個園區(qū)開展第三批國家“城市礦產(chǎn)”示范基地建設(shè)，選擇16個城市繼續(xù)開展第二批餐廚廢棄物資源化利用和無害化處理試點，在12個地區(qū)開展了工業(yè)固體廢物綜合利用基地建設(shè)；加大循環(huán)經(jīng)濟關(guān)鍵共性技術(shù)推廣力度；確定了兩批18個國家循環(huán)經(jīng)濟教育示范基地。 | Developing a circular economy. The National Development and Reform Commission has formulated the Development Plan for a Circular Economy During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period; issued and implemented the Methods for Management of Recycling of Waste Electrical and Electronic Products; catalogued 60 model circular economy projects across the country; carried out pilot recycling projects in 22 industrial parks; oversaw the implementation of the third group of national demonstration bases for recovering mineral resources from city waste in seven industrial parks; carried out a second phase of pilot programs for the treatment and re-use of kitchen waste in 16 cities; begun the construction of bases for comprehensive re-use of industrial solid waste in 12 regions; stepped up efforts to promote key generic circular economy technologies, and identified 18 national education demonstration bases for developing a circular economy. |
| 推廣合同能源管理。國家發(fā)展改革委公布了第二、三批共1273家通過備案的節(jié)能服務(wù)公司名單。全國多個地方省、市、自治區(qū)相繼出臺合同能源管理項目專項扶持政策。合同能源管理涉及領(lǐng)域從以工業(yè)為主，發(fā)展到覆蓋工業(yè)、建筑、交通和公共機構(gòu)等多個領(lǐng)域。2011年，全國節(jié)能服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)值達到1250億元，同比增長49.5％，節(jié)能服務(wù)公司共實施合同能源管理項目4000多個，投資額412億元，同比增長43.5％，實現(xiàn)節(jié)能量1600多萬噸標準煤。 | Promoting of energy performance contracting. The National Development and Reform Commission has published the second and third batches of 1,273 registered energy service companies. Specific policies to support energy performance contracting have been enacted in provinces, autonomous regions and cities across the country. Initially focused on industry, energy performance contracting has been extended to other fields including construction, transport and public institutions. In 2011, the output value of the energy conservation service industry amounted to 125 billion yuan, an increase of 49.5 percent year on year. Energy service companies carried out more than 4,000 energy performance contracting projects with a total investment of 41.2 billion yuan, up 43.5 percent year-on-year, saving energy equivalent to more than 16 million tons of standard coal. |
| 實行財稅激勵政策。工業(yè)和信息化部聯(lián)合有關(guān)部門發(fā)布了兩批《關(guān)于節(jié)約能源使用新能源車輛減免車船稅的車型目錄》，對節(jié)能車船和新能源車船實行車船稅減免。財政部、交通運輸部設(shè)立了交通運輸節(jié)能減排專項資金，2011年和2012年對402個申報項目給予了補助，形成二氧化碳減排量183.7萬噸。海洋局設(shè)立海島保護專項資金，共支持地方開展海島保護項目15個，經(jīng)費約2億元。農(nóng)業(yè)部投入43億元引導(dǎo)地方政府加大對沼氣利用的補助力度，2011年沼氣用戶達4100萬戶，形成CO2減排量6000萬噸；在內(nèi)蒙古、西藏、新疆、甘肅等9個省和自治區(qū)實施草原生態(tài)保護補助獎勵機制政策，安排財政資金共136億元。林業(yè)局擴大造林補貼和森林撫育補貼規(guī)模，其中森林撫育補貼財政試點資金超過50億元。 | Implementing fisical and tax incentives. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, together with other relevant departments, have issued two editions of the Catalogue of Energy-saving and New-energy Vehicle Models Eligible for Vehicle and Vessel Tax Reduction or Exemption. Users of eligible cars and vessels will enjoy a tax reduction or exemption according to the new policy. The Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Transport have earmarked special funds for energy conservation and emission reduction to subsidize 402 projects in 2011 and 2012 that achieved a reduction of 1.837 million tons of CO2 emissions. The State Oceanic Administration has earmarked special funds for island protection, allocating about 200 million yuan to 15 local protection projects. The Ministry of Agriculture has invested 4.3 billion yuan, directing local governments to increase subsidies to encourage the use of methane gas. In 2011, a total of 41 million households were using methane, cutting CO2 emissions by 60 million tons. The ministry also allocated 13.6 billion yuan to launch a subsidy and bonus mechanism for grassland ecological protection in nine provinces and autonomous regions including Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Xinjiang and Gansu. The State Forestry Administration has increased subsidies for afforestation and forest management and invested more than five billion yuan in pilot projects to subsidize forest management. |
| 2011年全國萬元GDP能耗為0.793噸標準煤（按2010年價格），比2010年降低2.1%。主要工業(yè)單位產(chǎn)品綜合能耗有不同程度降低，2011年與2010年相比，重點大中型鋼鐵企業(yè)噸鋼綜合能耗、氧化鋁綜合能耗、鉛冶煉綜合能耗分別同比下降0.8%、3.3%、4%。2011年，全國城鎮(zhèn)新建建筑設(shè)計階段執(zhí)行節(jié)能50%強制性標準基本達到100%，施工階段的執(zhí)行比例為95.5％，新增節(jié)能建筑面積13.9億平方米；公共機構(gòu)人均綜合能耗比2010年下降2.93%，單位建筑面積能耗下降2.24%。 | In 2011, the energy consumed for every 10,000 yuan of GDP (at 2010 prices) was equivalent to 0.793 tons of standard coal, 2.1 percent lower than in 2010. Overall energy consumption for major industrial products is decreasing, albeit at different rates. Energy consumption per ton of steel produced in large and medium enterprises was 0.8 percent lower in 2011 compared to 2010. For aluminum oxide, energy consumption fell by 3.3 percent over the same period, and for lead smelting by 4 percent. In 2011, the implementation rate of mandatory energy efficiency standards for new urban buildings, which require a 50-percent energy-saving, reached almost 100 percent in the design stage and 95.5 percent in the construction stage. A total of 1.39 billion sq m of energy-efficient floor space was constructed. In 2011 energy consumption in public institutions fell 2.93 percent year on year per person, and 2.24 percent per unit of construction area. |
| （三）優(yōu)化能源結(jié)構(gòu) | (III) Optimizing Energy Structure |
| 加快發(fā)展非化石能源。國家能源局組織制定了《可再生能源發(fā)展“十二五”規(guī)劃》和水電、風(fēng)電、太陽能、生物質(zhì)能四個專題規(guī)劃，提出了到2015年中國可再生能源發(fā)展的總體目標、主要措施等。組織實施了108個綠色能源示范縣、35個可再生能源建筑規(guī)?；瘧?yīng)用示范城市及97個示范縣建設(shè)試點，組織開展風(fēng)電、太陽能、生物質(zhì)能、頁巖氣等專項規(guī)劃和上海等五個城市電動汽車充電設(shè)施發(fā)展規(guī)劃等專項規(guī)劃的制定；2011年發(fā)布372項能源行業(yè)標準，下達633項制（修）訂計劃，涵蓋了包括核電、新能源和可再生能源在內(nèi)的主要能源領(lǐng)域；籌建生物燃料行業(yè)標準化管理體系，加快生物燃料產(chǎn)能建設(shè)。2011年，全部非化石能源利用量約為2.83億噸，在能源消費總量中占8.1%；全國非化石能源發(fā)電裝機占全部發(fā)電裝機的比例達到27.7%，非化石能源比例較2005年提高3.4個百分點。2011年，水電裝機新增1400萬千瓦，累計達到2.3億千瓦，在建規(guī)模5500萬千瓦，新開工裝機規(guī)模1260萬千瓦，發(fā)電量6626億千瓦時；核電裝機新增173萬千瓦，發(fā)電量869億千瓦時；風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)容量新增1600萬千瓦，居全球第一，并網(wǎng)風(fēng)電發(fā)電量800億千瓦時；太陽能光伏新增裝機210萬千瓦，累計裝機達到300萬千瓦；各類生物質(zhì)發(fā)電裝機600萬千瓦，發(fā)電量300億千瓦時；地?zé)崮馨l(fā)電裝機2.42萬千瓦，海洋能發(fā)電裝機0.6萬千瓦，地?zé)?、海洋能發(fā)電量1.46億千瓦時。全國城鎮(zhèn)太陽能光熱建筑應(yīng)用面積達21.5億平方米，淺層地能建筑應(yīng)用面積2.4億平方米，已建成及正在建設(shè)的光電建筑應(yīng)用裝機容量達127萬千瓦。 | Accelerating the development of non-fossil fuel. The National Energy Administration has drawn up the Development Plan for Renewable Energy During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period as well as four specific plans for hydropower, wind power, solar power and biomass energy, which together map out the overall goals and policies for China’s renewable energy development to 2015. It has also launched the green energy demonstration projects in 108 counties and the pilot projects of a large-scale utility of renewable energy in buildings in 35 cities and 97 counties. It has formulated plans for wind power, solar power, biomass energy, shale gas, and the development of recharging stations for electric vehicles in five cities, including Shanghai. In 2011, it published 372 industrial standards covering the energy industry, announced plans to issue 633 other formulations and amendments covering major energy fields including nuclear power, new energy and renewable energy. It also plans to establish a standardized management system for the bio-fuel industry and accelerate the construction of bio-fuel production capacity. In 2011, consumption of non-fossil fuel energy reached 283 million tons, accounting for 8.1 percent of total energy consumption. Taking installed power generating capacity, as a whole, 27.7 percent uses non-fossil energy resources, up 3.4 percentage points from 2005. In 2011, installed hydropower capacity reached 230 million kw, up 14 million kw. Including 12.6 million kw of new construction, a total of 55 million kw was under construction in 2011. Hydropower stations generated 662.6 billion kw/h of electricity. Installed nuclear power capacity increased by 1.73 million kw, generating 86.9 billion kw/h. China led the world in constructing on-grid wind power capacity with an increase of 16 million kw, generating 80 billion kw/h. Installed photovoltaic power capacity reached 3 million kw, an increase of 2.1 million kw. Installed biomass power capacity reached 6 million kw, generating 30 billion kw/h of electricity. Installed geothermal capacity reached 24,200 kw and ocean energy 6,000 kw, generating a combined total of 146 million kw/h of electricity. Solar powered heating covered an area of 2.15 billion sq m in urban buildings, and shallow geothermal energy 240 million sq m. The installed photovoltaic power capacity used in urban buildings reached 1.27 million kw, including projects under construction. |
| 推進化石能源清潔利用。繼續(xù)推動常規(guī)化石能源生產(chǎn)和利用方式變革和清潔高效發(fā)展，發(fā)布了《天然氣發(fā)展“十二五”規(guī)劃》和《關(guān)于發(fā)展天然氣分布式能源的指導(dǎo)意見》，提出了“十二五”期間的發(fā)展目標和重點任務(wù)。在發(fā)布實施的《煤炭工業(yè)發(fā)展“十二五”規(guī)劃》中將大力發(fā)展?jié)崈裘杭夹g(shù)，促進煤炭高效清潔利用作為“十二五”煤炭工業(yè)發(fā)展的重點任務(wù)之一，加快高參數(shù)、大容量清潔燃煤機組、燃氣電站建設(shè)，全國在運百萬千瓦超超臨界燃煤機組達到40臺，數(shù)量居世界第一，30萬千瓦及以上火電機組占全部火電機組容量的74.4%；進一步加大非常規(guī)能源開發(fā)力度，組織制定了《頁巖氣發(fā)展規(guī)劃（2011- 2015年）》，提出到2015年基本完成全國頁巖氣資源潛力調(diào)查與評價，初步掌握頁巖氣資源潛力與分布，到2015年頁巖氣產(chǎn)量達65億立方米的發(fā)展目標。組織制定了《煤層氣（煤礦瓦斯）開發(fā)利用“十二五”規(guī)劃》，提出2015年煤層氣（煤礦瓦斯）產(chǎn)量達到300億立方米，瓦斯發(fā)電裝機容量超過285萬千瓦，民用超過320萬戶，新增煤層氣探明地質(zhì)儲量1萬億立方米的發(fā)展目標。 | Promoting the clean utilization of fossil fuel. The government continues to promote the clean and efficient development of conventional fossil energy production and utilization. The Natural Gas Development Plan During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period, and the Guidelines for Developing Distributed Energy Systems (DES) for Natural Gas set out key development objectives and tasks. The Development Plan for Coal Industry During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period, which has been issued and implemented, calls for the vigorous development of clean coal technology and the efficient and clean utilization of coal. The government is accelerating the construction of highly efficient large scale coal-fired power generators and power plants. China leads the world with 40 one-million-kw ultra-supercritical power generating units in operation. Thermal power units with a capacity of 300,000 kw and above account for 74.4 percent of total thermal generating capacity. The government has promoted the exploration of unconventional energy sources and formulated the Development Plan for Shale Gas (2011-2015), which defines the goal of completing a survey and evaluation of national shale gas resources by 2015 and sets a production target of 6.5 billion cu m. of shale gas. The Plan for Coal-bed Gas Exploration and Utilization During the 12th Five-Year Period sets a target for coal-bed gas production to reach 30 billion cu m. by 2015; other projected development targets are that installed coal bed methane (CBM) power capacity will reach 2.85 million kw, 3.2 million households will be using CBM, and proven reserves of CBM will increase by one trillion cu m. |
| （四）增加碳匯 | (IV) Increasing Carbon Sinks |
| 增加森林碳匯。國家林業(yè)局制定了《林業(yè)應(yīng)對氣候變化“十二五”行動要點》，提出加快推進造林綠化、全面開展森林撫育經(jīng)營、加強森林資源管理、強化森林災(zāi)害防控、培育新興林業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)等5項林業(yè)減緩氣候變化主要行動；發(fā)布了《全國造林綠化規(guī)劃綱要（2011-2020年）》和《林業(yè)發(fā)展“十二五”規(guī)劃》，明確了今后一個時期林業(yè)生態(tài)建設(shè)的目標任務(wù)。繼續(xù)實施退耕還林、“三北”和長江重點防護林工程，推進京津風(fēng)沙源治理工程和石漠化綜合治理工程，開展珠江、太行山等防護林體系和平原綠化建設(shè)，啟動天保二期工程。擴大森林撫育補貼規(guī)模，組織開展各類森林經(jīng)營試點示范建設(shè)。印發(fā)了《森林撫育作業(yè)設(shè)計規(guī)定》、《中央財政森林撫育補貼政策成效監(jiān)測辦法》和《森林經(jīng)營方案編制與實施規(guī)范》等相關(guān)技術(shù)方案。2011年，全國共完成造林面積599.66萬公頃，中幼齡林撫育面積733.45萬公頃，完成低產(chǎn)低效林改造面積78.88萬公頃，義務(wù)植樹25.14億株;城市綠地面積達224.29萬公頃，城市人均公園綠地面積、建成區(qū)綠地率和綠化覆蓋率三項綠化指標分別達到11.80平方米、35.27%和39.22%。 | Enhancing forest carbon sinks. The State Forestry Administration has formulated the Action Points for China's Forestry Departments in Response to Climate Change During the12th Five Year Plan (2011-2015) Period, initiating five actions to mitigate climate change, namely accelerating afforestation, improving forest management, strengthening forest resources administration, enhancing forest disaster prevention and control, and fostering emerging forestry industries. It has published the Outline of the National Afforestation Plan (2011-2020) and Forestry Development Plan During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period, clarifying the goals of ecological forest development. The government continues to carry out its program of returning farmland to forest and the key shelterbelt construction projects in northwest, northeast and northern China and along the Yangtze River. It continues to promote the program to control sandstorms in the Beijing and Tianjin area and the comprehensive management of stony desertification. It has launched shelterbelt construction along the Pearl River and Taihang Mountain and afforestation in plains regions, as well as the second stage of the natural forests protection program. The government has increased subsidies for forest management and implemented pilot and demonstration forest management projects. It has issued relevant technical plans including the Regulations on Forest Management Work and Design, Supervision Measures on Policy of Central Financial Subsidies for Forest Management, and the Code of Formulating and Implementing Forest Management Schemes. In 2011, China completed afforestation of 5.9966 million hectares and management of young forests of 7.3345 million hectares, and upgraded 0.7888 million hectares of forests with low yield capacity and low protection efficiency. A total of 2.514 billion trees were planted in volunteer tree-planting drives. Urban green areas reached 2.2429 million hectares. The urban per-capita green park space reached 11.80 sq m, with the green area rate and green coverage rate of built-up areas reaching 35.27 percent and 39.22 percent respectively. |
| 增加草原碳匯。2011年，國務(wù)院安排136億元財政資金在內(nèi)蒙古、西藏、新疆、甘肅等9個省和自治區(qū)實施了草原生態(tài)保護補助獎勵機制政策，享受到補獎?wù)叩霓r(nóng)牧民達到1056.7萬戶。2012年，補助獎勵機制政策范圍擴大到河北、山西等5個省的牧區(qū)和半牧區(qū)。2011年，共完成草原圍欄建設(shè)450.4萬公頃，嚴重退化草原補播145.9萬公頃，人工飼草地建植4.7萬公頃，京津風(fēng)沙源草地治理9.1萬公頃。2012年目前已完成內(nèi)蒙古、西藏、四川、甘肅等9個省、自治區(qū)退牧還草工程，草原圍欄建設(shè)440.4萬公頃，嚴重退化草原補播140.1萬公頃，人工飼草地建植5.5萬公頃，京津風(fēng)沙源草地治理3.4萬公頃。 | Enhancing grassland carbon sinks. In 2011, the State Council disbursed 13.6 billion yuan to develop a subsidy and award mechanism for grassland conservation in nine provinces and autonomous regions, including Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Xinjiang and Gansu. A total of 10.567 million farmers and herdsmen households benefited from the subsidy and award policy. In 2012, the policy was extended to cover all herding and semi-herding areas in five more provinces, including Hebei and Shanxi. In 2011, the total area of grassland fenced off for conservation reached 4.504 million hectares, while 1.459 million hectares suffering from severe degradation were re-sowed. In addition, a total of 47,000 hectares of man-made forage meadows were constructed, and 91,000 hectares of pasture were treated to help control the sources of sandstorms that affect the Beijing and Tianjin area. In 2012 so far, as part of the project of returning grazing land to grassland in nine provincial-level regions, including Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Sichuan and Gansu, a total of 4.404 million hectares of grassland have been fenced off for conservation and 1.401 million hectares suffering from severe degradation have been re-sowed. In addition, a total of 55,000 hectares of man-made forage meadows have been constructed and 34,000 hectares of pasture treated to control sources of sandstorms that affect Beijing and Tianjin. |
| 增加其它碳匯。農(nóng)業(yè)碳匯方面，中央財政安排保護性耕作推廣資金3000萬元、工程建設(shè)投資3億元，2011年新增保護性耕作1900多萬畝，全國保護性耕作面積累計達到8500萬畝。保護性耕作與傳統(tǒng)耕作相比，農(nóng)田土壤含碳量可增加20％，每年減少農(nóng)田二氧化碳等溫室氣體排放量達0.61-1.27噸/公頃，按全國保護性耕作實施面積計算，相當(dāng)于減少CO2排放300萬噸以上。濕地碳匯方面，2011年全國新增濕地保護面積33萬公頃，恢復(fù)濕地2.3萬公頃，濕地儲碳功能進一步增強。 | Enhancing carbon sinks in other fields. To strengthen agricultural carbon sinks, the central government has assigned 30 million yuan in special funds to promote conservation farming technology, and invested a total of 300 million yuan in conservation farming projects. In 2011, the area cultivated using conservation farming techniques increased by more than 19 million mu, bringing the national total to 85 million mu. Conservation farming helps improve carbon storage. The carbon storage capacity of farmland soil can be increased by 20 percent by the application of conservation farming technology, helping cut farmland emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases by 0.61-1.27 tons per hectare annually, which, applied nationally, amounts to an annual reduction of more than 3 million tons of CO2. Regarding wetland carbon sinks, China brought 330,000 hectares of new wetland under protection and restored a total of 23,000 hectares of wetland during 2011, substantially increasing the carbon storage capacity of the country's wetlands. |
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