《中國(guó)的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)》白皮書(shū)
White Paper: Medical and Health Services in China
0 
調(diào)整字號(hào)大小: 
| 三、傳染病防治與衛(wèi)生應(yīng)急 | III. Infectious Disease Prevention and Treatment, and Health Emergency Management |
| 新中國(guó)成立以來(lái)，中國(guó)政府堅(jiān)持“預(yù)防為主，防治結(jié)合”方針，不斷加大傳染病防治力度，通過(guò)開(kāi)展預(yù)防接種和愛(ài)國(guó)衛(wèi)生運(yùn)動(dòng)等防控措施，降低了傳染病發(fā)病率，有效控制了傳染病的流行和蔓延。自20世紀(jì)50年代起，基本控制了鼠疫、霍亂、黑熱病、麻風(fēng)病等疾病的流行。2011年甲類和乙類傳染病發(fā)病率控制在241.4/10萬(wàn)的較低水平，有力保障了廣大居民的身體健康和生命安全。 | Since the founding of New China, the Chinese government has persisted in the principle of "prevention first and integrating prevention with treatment" and continuously intensified efforts in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. By preventive inoculation, patriotic health campaigns and other prevention and control measures, China has succeeded in bringing down the morbidity of infectious diseases and brought their spread under control. China has basically brought under control the epidemics of such diseases as plague, cholera, kala-azar and leprosy since the 1950s. In 2011, the morbidity of Class A and B infectious diseases was kept at a low level - 241.4 per 100,000 people. All these measures help to safeguard the Chinese people's health and life. |
| 實(shí)施國(guó)家免疫規(guī)劃。免疫規(guī)劃工作是中國(guó)衛(wèi)生事業(yè)成效最為顯著、影響最為廣泛的工作之一。20世紀(jì)60年代初，中國(guó)通過(guò)接種牛痘消滅了天花，較世界衛(wèi)生組織1980年宣布全球根除天花早了十幾年。2000年，中國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)了無(wú)脊髓灰質(zhì)炎目標(biāo)。2002年，中國(guó)決定將新生兒乙肝疫苗納入國(guó)家免疫規(guī)劃，國(guó)家免疫規(guī)劃由接種4種疫苗預(yù)防6種傳染病，擴(kuò)大到接種5種疫苗預(yù)防7種傳染病。2007年，國(guó)家決定實(shí)施擴(kuò)大國(guó)家免疫規(guī)劃，國(guó)家免疫規(guī)劃疫苗增加到14種，預(yù)防15種傳染病，免疫規(guī)劃人群也從兒童擴(kuò)展到成人。新一輪醫(yī)改啟動(dòng)以來(lái)，國(guó)家免疫規(guī)劃內(nèi)容不斷擴(kuò)大，對(duì)于減少傳染病發(fā)生、保護(hù)公眾身體健康起到了積極作用，目前多數(shù)疫苗可預(yù)防傳染病的發(fā)病已降至歷史最低水平。 | National immunization program has been implemented. The national immunization program represents one of the most notable and influential undertakings of China's healthcare work. In the early 1960s, China eliminated smallpox through vaccine inoculation, a dozen years ahead before the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the eradication of the disease in 1980. China attained the goal of eliminating poliomyelitis in 2000. In 2002, the Chinese government decided to include hepatitis B vaccination for the newborn in the national immunization program, increasing the number of four vaccines against six infectious diseases to five vaccines against seven infectious diseases. In 2007, China decided to further expand the scope of the program, increasing the number of vaccines to 14 to prevent 15 infectious diseases and extending the scope of vaccination from children to including adults. Since the launch of the new round of medical reform, the scope of the national immunization program has kept expanding, and it has played a positive role in reducing the morbidity of infectious diseases and improving the health of the public. Already, the morbidity of most infectious diseases that can be prevented by vaccination has fallen to the lowest level in history. |
| 重點(diǎn)傳染病地方病得到有效控制。艾滋病、結(jié)核病、血吸蟲(chóng)病、包蟲(chóng)病、麻風(fēng)病、瘧疾等重大及重點(diǎn)傳染病患者獲得免費(fèi)藥物治療。截至2011年，中國(guó)存活艾滋病病毒感染者和病人約為78萬(wàn)人，遠(yuǎn)低于將艾滋病病毒感染人數(shù)控制在150萬(wàn)以內(nèi)的目標(biāo)。傳染性肺結(jié)核患病率降至66/10萬(wàn)，提前實(shí)現(xiàn)了聯(lián)合國(guó)千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)確定的結(jié)核病控制指標(biāo)。所有血吸蟲(chóng)病流行縣實(shí)現(xiàn)疫情控制目標(biāo)，血吸蟲(chóng)病病人控制在32.6萬(wàn)。率先在全球83個(gè)絲蟲(chóng)病流行國(guó)家和地區(qū)中消除了絲蟲(chóng)病。提升以監(jiān)測(cè)為核心的流感防控能力，2010年，中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心國(guó)家流感中心被正式命名為全球第五個(gè)流感參比和研究中心。穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)地方病防治工作，在國(guó)家層面實(shí)現(xiàn)消除碘缺乏病目標(biāo)，大骨節(jié)病、克山病和氟中毒等病情得到有效控制，發(fā)病患者顯著減少。 | Major infectious and endemic diseases have been brought under effective control. Patients of many major infectious diseases, such as AIDS, tuberculosis, snail fever, hydatid disease, leprosy and malaria, are provided medicines and treatment free of charge. In 2011, China's living HIV-infected persons and AIDS patients were estimated at 780,000, far below China's goal of controlling the HIV-infected population within 1.5 million. The morbidity of infectious tuberculosis has fallen to only 66 per 100,000 people, attaining the goal defined in the UN Millennium Development Goals ahead of time. All counties where epidemics of snail fever used to break out have attained the goal of bringing under control such epidemics, limiting the number of snail fever patients to 326,000. China took the lead in eradicating filariasis among the 83 countries where epidemics of filariasis hit. China keeps improving its capabilities of influenza control and prevention, taking monitoring at the major task. In 2010, the National Influenza Center of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention was officially nominated the fifth WHO Collaboration Center for Reference and Research on Influenza. China steadily promotes endemic disease prevention and treatment. It has eradicated the diseases caused by iodine deficiency at the national level, and brought under effective control of Kashin-Beck disease, Keshan disease and fluorine poisoning, notably reducing the incidence of these diseases. |
| 愛(ài)國(guó)衛(wèi)生運(yùn)動(dòng)卓有成效。愛(ài)國(guó)衛(wèi)生運(yùn)動(dòng)是中國(guó)公眾廣泛參與、與公眾健康密切相關(guān)的社會(huì)公益事業(yè)，迄今已開(kāi)展60年。愛(ài)國(guó)衛(wèi)生運(yùn)動(dòng)堅(jiān)持預(yù)防為主的方針，通過(guò)開(kāi)展除害滅病、健康教育和健康促進(jìn)、農(nóng)村改水改廁、國(guó)家衛(wèi)生城鎮(zhèn)創(chuàng)建、城鄉(xiāng)環(huán)境衛(wèi)生整治等，降低了傳染病危害，提高了居民健康水平，形成了愛(ài)國(guó)衛(wèi)生人人參與、健康生活人人共享的良好局面。截至目前，中國(guó)累計(jì)命名153個(gè)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生城市、32個(gè)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生區(qū)和456個(gè)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生鎮(zhèn)(縣城)，并在此基礎(chǔ)上探索國(guó)家健康城市(鎮(zhèn))創(chuàng)建工作。 | Patriotic health campaign has gained fruitful results. Patriotic health campaign, an invention of China that has been in existence for 60 years so far, is a social welfare undertaking featuring massive public participation and a close relationship with the public health. Following the principle of taking prevention first, the campaign has reduced the hazards of infectious diseases and promoted the public health through a series of measures, such as exterminating pests, health education and promotion, improving rural water supply and sanitation, building "healthy cities and towns," and improving the environmental hygiene in both urban and rural areas. A wholesome atmosphere is taking shape, with everyone participating in the campaign and enjoying a healthy lifestyle. Now, China is exploring a better working mechanism for building "healthy cities and towns," based on the 153 cities, 32 districts and 456 towns (counties) that have been nominated "healthy" for their wholesome surroundings. |
| 衛(wèi)生應(yīng)急水平全面提高。頒布突發(fā)事件應(yīng)對(duì)法、突發(fā)公共衛(wèi)生事件應(yīng)急條例等法律法規(guī)，修訂傳染病防治法，推動(dòng)衛(wèi)生應(yīng)急工作走上法制化和規(guī)范化軌道。以疾病預(yù)防控制體系、衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督體系和醫(yī)療體系為基礎(chǔ)，初步建成統(tǒng)一指揮、布局合理、反應(yīng)靈敏、運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)高效、保障有力的突發(fā)公共事件衛(wèi)生應(yīng)急體系。建立完善衛(wèi)生應(yīng)急預(yù)案體系，覆蓋突發(fā)急性傳染病、不明原因疾病、中毒事件等突發(fā)公共衛(wèi)生事件防控以及自然災(zāi)害、事故災(zāi)難、恐怖事件的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生救援和重大活動(dòng)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生保障。建立國(guó)家、省(自治區(qū)、直轄市)、地(市)、縣四級(jí)應(yīng)急管理體制。建立衛(wèi)生應(yīng)急能力評(píng)估指標(biāo)體系。國(guó)家組建了傳染病控制、醫(yī)療救援、中毒處置、核和放射處置等4類27支國(guó)家級(jí)衛(wèi)生應(yīng)急隊(duì)伍，地方也組建了各級(jí)突發(fā)公共事件衛(wèi)生應(yīng)急專業(yè)隊(duì)伍。國(guó)家醫(yī)藥儲(chǔ)備制度日趨完善，保障了應(yīng)對(duì)突發(fā)公共衛(wèi)生事件所需的醫(yī)藥產(chǎn)品。近年來(lái)，中國(guó)有效處置了傳染性非典型肺炎、甲型H1N1流感、鼠疫、人禽流感等突發(fā)公共衛(wèi)生事件，及時(shí)開(kāi)展四川汶川特大地震、青海玉樹(shù)地震、甘肅舟曲特大山洪泥石流災(zāi)害的緊急醫(yī)學(xué)救援，順利完成北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)、上海世博會(huì)等大型活動(dòng)的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生保障任務(wù)。 | Health emergency management capability has been enhanced. China is striving to make its health emergency management more standard and law-based by issuing the Law on Emergency Management and the Regulations on Preparedness for and Response to Public Health Emergencies, and amending the Law on the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases. Based on the disease prevention and control system, the public health monitoring system and the medical service system, China has basically set up a response system for public health emergencies featuring unified leadership, reasonable distribution, quick response, efficient operation and powerful logistics. China has established and improved health emergency plans, which cover the prevention and control of such public health emergencies as acute infectious disease emergencies, diseases with unknown causes and poisoning incidents, medical rescue in case of natural disasters, disastrous accidents and terrorist attacks, and medical services for important events. A four-level emergency management system has been established that covers the national, provincial, city and county levels. Also has been established is the public health emergency response ability assessment system. The central government has organized 27 teams for health emergencies to respond to four categories of incidents, namely, infectious disease control, medical rescue, poisoning treatment, and nuclear and radiation accident handling. Local governments have also set up professional teams to handle health emergencies at their respective levels. China's medicine reserve system keeps improving, ensuring sufficient supply of medicines for health emergencies. In the past few years, China has successfully dealt with many public health emergencies, especially pandemic threats of infectious diseases, including SARS, H1N1, plague and avian influenza, carried out urgent medical rescues for the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan Province, 2010 Yushu earthquake in Qinghai Province and 2010 Zhouqu mudslide in Gansu Province, and provided medical services for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and 2010 Shanghai Expo. |
| 法定傳染病和突發(fā)公共衛(wèi)生事件實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)直報(bào)。2004年，中國(guó)啟用傳染病和突發(fā)公共衛(wèi)生事件網(wǎng)絡(luò)直報(bào)系統(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)39種法定傳染病病例個(gè)案信息和突發(fā)公共衛(wèi)生事件的實(shí)時(shí)、在線監(jiān)測(cè)。截至2011年，全國(guó)100％的疾病預(yù)防控制機(jī)構(gòu)、98％的縣級(jí)及以上醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)和94％的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院實(shí)現(xiàn)了法定傳染病網(wǎng)絡(luò)直報(bào)。 | Online direct report system has been enforced for notifiable infectious diseases and public health emergencies. The online direct report system, which puts the 39 infectious diseases defined by law and public health emergencies under real-time and online surveillance, was not available in China until 2004. By 2011, the online direct reporting of infectious diseases had been extended to all disease prevention and control institutes, 98% of medical institutions at and above the county level, and 94% of township clinics in China. |
| 跳轉(zhuǎn)至目錄 >> | Back to Contents >> |
Go to Forum >>0 Comment(s)
No comments.
