《美國(guó)全球監(jiān)聽(tīng)行動(dòng)紀(jì)錄》全文
Full Text: The United States' Global Surveillance Record
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| 三、美國(guó)秘密監(jiān)聽(tīng)不擇手段 | III. The United States' unscrupulous secret surveillance programs |
| “棱鏡”等項(xiàng)目的披露，凸現(xiàn)了美國(guó)在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時(shí)代監(jiān)聽(tīng)項(xiàng)目多、投入大、范圍廣、時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，情報(bào)機(jī)構(gòu)、政府和私營(yíng)企業(yè)間在監(jiān)控上“無(wú)縫合作”，其大數(shù)據(jù)處理能力使得網(wǎng)絡(luò)監(jiān)聽(tīng)的廣度和深度極大拓展。 | The revelations about PRISM and other programs demonstrate that the U.S. has mounted the most wide-ranging, costly, long-term surveillance operation in the history of the Internet. The seamless cooperation among the intelligence agencies, government and the private sector, with their big-data processing capabilities, allows the surveillance to extend in scope, seemingly without limit. |
| 1. 項(xiàng)目之多、投入之大、范圍之廣、時(shí)間之長(zhǎng)，無(wú)不是世界之最。 | 1. The world's largest, longest, most costly and wide-ranging surveillance operation |
| 美國(guó)情報(bào)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)立的與互聯(lián)網(wǎng)監(jiān)控直接相關(guān)的項(xiàng)目近十個(gè)，涵蓋互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、電信網(wǎng)，不僅有語(yǔ)音電話，也包括各種互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息，主要的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)商都囊括在內(nèi)。 | U.S. intelligence has set up a number of programs that are directly linked to cyberspace surveillance, covering both the Internet and telecommunications networks, targeting telephone calls and Internet information, and including the major Internet service providers. |
| 由美國(guó)國(guó)家安全局興建的猶他州大數(shù)據(jù)中心，是目前世界上最大的數(shù)據(jù)中心，投入20億美元，其主要任務(wù)是通過(guò)秘密監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)收集數(shù)據(jù)，然后由密碼破譯專家、數(shù)據(jù)挖掘人員、情報(bào)分析員進(jìn)行深度處理后分析運(yùn)用，以獲取有價(jià)值的情報(bào)。 | The Utah Data Center set up by the NSA is the world's largest data center, costing 2 billion U.S. dollars to build. It uses secret surveillance systems to collect vast amounts of data which is then processed by code-breaking experts, data-mining professionals and intelligence analysts to obtain useful information. |
| 2013年8月30日《華盛頓郵報(bào)》披露的《2013財(cái)年國(guó)會(huì)預(yù)算論證》卷1——《國(guó)家情報(bào)項(xiàng)目摘要》顯示：2013年美國(guó)情報(bào)預(yù)算翻番，高達(dá) 526億美元；網(wǎng)絡(luò)行動(dòng)預(yù)算占43億美元，約占8%，任務(wù)顯著側(cè)重。自2007年9月11日開(kāi)始從微軟搜集信息算起，直到2012年10月開(kāi)始從蘋(píng)果搜集 信息，此類(lèi)美國(guó)情報(bào)機(jī)構(gòu)與私營(yíng)機(jī)構(gòu)尤其是主要互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)提供商的監(jiān)控合作，從來(lái)沒(méi)有中斷過(guò)，迄今已持續(xù)6年多時(shí)間。 | An article in the Washington Post on Aug. 30, 2013, reported that the budget request of the National Intelligence Program for fiscal 2013 had doubled to 52.6 billion U.S. dollars, of which spending on cyber operations accounted for 4.3 billion U.S. dollars, nearly 8 percent of the total. Surveillance cooperation between U.S. intelligence and private companies, especially Internet service providers, has never stopped. Microsoft was the first to sign up to collect data on Sept. 11, 2007, and Apple the most recent in October, 2012. |
| 德國(guó)《明鏡》周刊報(bào)道了代號(hào)為“特等艙”的情報(bào)項(xiàng)目：美國(guó)、英國(guó)、澳大利亞和加拿大的駐外大使館秘密安裝了監(jiān)控設(shè)備，用于截聽(tīng)電子通訊信息。這四個(gè)國(guó)家和新西蘭共同簽署了一份情報(bào)共享協(xié)議。 | German newspaper Der Spiegel reported on a surveillance program codenamed Stateroom, in which the United States, the U.K., Australia and Canada installed surveillance facilities in their embassies to intercept information. The four nations have also signed an intelligence sharing agreement with New Zealand. |
| 2. 情報(bào)機(jī)構(gòu)、政府、私營(yíng)企業(yè)之間的秘密合作極其深入且愈演愈烈。 | 2. Secret cooperation among intelligence agencies, government and the private sector is increasing |
| 美國(guó)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)主要的九大軟硬件供應(yīng)商都提供了很核心的技術(shù)支持，特別是微軟最早與美國(guó)國(guó)家安全局合作，開(kāi)放outlook、hotmail內(nèi)部接 口，甚至在outlook.com的加密系統(tǒng)正式發(fā)布之間就已將其提供給美國(guó)情報(bào)部門(mén)。曾聲稱其加密技術(shù)和P2P架構(gòu)無(wú)法被政府“搭線接聽(tīng)”的 Skype，在被微軟收購(gòu)后，主動(dòng)為“搭線竊聽(tīng)”打開(kāi)“后門(mén)”。微軟還與情報(bào)部門(mén)合作，幫助其破解大公司編碼，以便能夠監(jiān)控用戶；微軟經(jīng)常在漏洞發(fā)布前告 知情報(bào)機(jī)構(gòu)，使他們能夠利用時(shí)間差發(fā)起遠(yuǎn)程漏洞攻擊。 | The nine major U.S. software and hardware providers offer core technology support to U.S. intelligence. Microsoft, the earliest to work with the NSA, opened its Outlook and Hotmail systems to the agency, going so far as to show intelligence agencies how to circumvent encryption of Outlook chat messages before the product was officially launched. Skype, which used to claim that its encryption technology and P2P system could prevent governments from eavesdropping, offered a "backdoor" to the NSA after being bought by Microsoft. Microsoft also worked with U.S. intelligence to help crack the security systems of major companies in order to keep a watch on their customers. It also informed intelligence agencies before publishing details of bugs, so as to give them the opportunity to launch remote attacks. |
| 3. 利用強(qiáng)大的大數(shù)據(jù)處理和運(yùn)用能力大幅提升監(jiān)控范圍和深度。 | 3. Ramping up the range and depth of surveillance through big-data processing capabilities |
| 2012年3月，奧巴馬政府將大數(shù)據(jù)戰(zhàn)略上升為最高國(guó)策，認(rèn)為大數(shù)據(jù)是“未來(lái)的新石油”，將對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的占有和控制，作為陸權(quán)、海權(quán)、空權(quán)之外的另 一種國(guó)家核心能力。而“棱鏡”項(xiàng)目與美國(guó)大數(shù)據(jù)戰(zhàn)略有著必然聯(lián)系。美國(guó)國(guó)家安全局擁有一種名為“無(wú)邊界情報(bào)員”系統(tǒng)，這套系統(tǒng)以30天為周期，可以從全球 網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)中接收到970億條信息，再通過(guò)比對(duì)信用卡或通訊紀(jì)錄等方式，能幾近真實(shí)地還原個(gè)人的實(shí)時(shí)狀況。 | The Obama administration made big data strategy a national priority in March 2012. It argued that "big data is the new oil", and that domination and control of data would become a national core capacity, alongside land, sea and air power. The PRISM project is closely associated with big data. The NSA also has a system codenamed Boundless Informant, which can track anyone's activity almost in real time by collecting 97 billion Internet data records during each 30-day period and matching them against credit card and communication records. |
| 4. 美國(guó)情報(bào)機(jī)構(gòu)一直致力于或明或暗地尋找其國(guó)內(nèi)法律漏洞，突破法律限制，謀求從源頭和根本上控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息。 | 4. U.S. intelligence is seeking legal loopholes to overcome legal restraints and take full control of Internet information |
| “9·11”事件后，美國(guó)為了彌補(bǔ)通信情報(bào)收集的不足，開(kāi)始建立監(jiān)控項(xiàng)目的總統(tǒng)授權(quán)。2001年10月4日，布什總統(tǒng)頒布授權(quán)備忘錄，“在一定 時(shí)期內(nèi)開(kāi)展特定電子監(jiān)控行動(dòng)”。此后，總統(tǒng)授權(quán)中的“國(guó)內(nèi)收集”甚至一度被解釋為允許對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)信息包括美國(guó)境內(nèi)和美國(guó)人的通信信息進(jìn)行收集。其后數(shù)年間，美 國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)就這類(lèi)行政命令的效力、范圍和法律依據(jù)產(chǎn)生爭(zhēng)議。但總體上，美國(guó)總統(tǒng)與國(guó)家安全局、聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局、司法部等機(jī)構(gòu)就針對(duì)外國(guó)目標(biāo)收集信息的法律說(shuō)明逐漸 趨于一致。 | The United States used presidential decrees to authorize additional information collection in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. On Oct. 4, 2001, President George W. Bush signed a memorandum to authorize specific surveillance actions over a limited period. Since then, "domestic collection" authorized by the President had been interpreted as the greenlight to gather information from U.S. citizens and people inside the United States. Although debates have subsequently arisen concerning the legitimacy, scope and legal basis of presidential executive orders, the White House, NSA, FBI, and the Department of Justice have reached a consensus on the legality of gathering information on foreign targets. |
| 2006年5月24日，國(guó)外情報(bào)監(jiān)視委員會(huì)徹底改變了對(duì)《愛(ài)國(guó)者法案》第215條內(nèi)容的解讀方式，允許聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局與國(guó)家安全局分享與恐怖事件調(diào)查相關(guān)的“商業(yè)紀(jì)錄”，包括電話公司的電話紀(jì)錄。自此，美國(guó)政府每3個(gè)月向大型電話公司下達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)索取命令。 | On May 24, 2006, the secret Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court completely redefined the interpretation of Section 215 of the Patriot Act, allowing the FBI and the NSA to share "business records" relevant to terrorist attacks, including the calls databases of telephone companies. Since then, the U.S. government has demanded data from major telephone companies every three months. |
| 2012年10月，奧巴馬簽署一項(xiàng)名為《美國(guó)網(wǎng)絡(luò)作戰(zhàn)政策》的總統(tǒng)指令，要求美國(guó)國(guó)家安全和情報(bào)官員制定一份美國(guó)可以進(jìn)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊的目標(biāo)名單。 同時(shí)，指令規(guī)定，為實(shí)現(xiàn)美國(guó)在全世界的國(guó)家安全目標(biāo)，美國(guó)可以動(dòng)用獨(dú)特的和非常規(guī)的武力，在事先不進(jìn)行任何警告的情況下發(fā)動(dòng)攻擊。 | In October 2012, President Obama signed Presidential Policy Directive 20, ordering America's national security and intelligence officials to draw up a list of potential overseas targets for U.S. cyber-attacks. The directive also stated that what it called Offensive Cyber Effects Operations (OCEO) offered unique, unconventional capabilities to advance U.S. national objectives around the world, giving little or no warning to potential adversaries or targets. |
| 荷蘭《新鹿特丹商報(bào)》稱，斯諾登披露的文件顯示，美國(guó)國(guó)家安全局利用五種收集方式，在全球范圍內(nèi)開(kāi)展情報(bào)收集行動(dòng)。一份2012年的檔案文件顯 示，五類(lèi)情報(bào)收集方式包括：第三方/聯(lián)絡(luò)，即由美國(guó)國(guó)家安全局國(guó)際合作伙伴提供數(shù)據(jù)，其合作伙伴包括約30多個(gè)國(guó)家；區(qū)域獲取，即以80多個(gè)區(qū)域?yàn)榛A(chǔ)的 專門(mén)收集服務(wù)行動(dòng)，該行動(dòng)是由美國(guó)國(guó)家安全局和中央情報(bào)局在黑色預(yù)算支持下開(kāi)展的；網(wǎng)絡(luò)入侵，該活動(dòng)由美國(guó)國(guó)家安全局下屬的獲取特定情報(bào)行動(dòng)辦公室執(zhí)行， 已經(jīng)在全球超過(guò)5萬(wàn)臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)中植入了竊取敏感信息的惡意軟件，主要目標(biāo)為中國(guó)、俄羅斯、巴西、埃及、印度、墨西哥、沙特阿拉伯及東歐部分地區(qū)；大型電纜， 即通過(guò)20個(gè)大型電纜主要節(jié)點(diǎn)獲取信息，這些節(jié)點(diǎn)大多數(shù)位于美國(guó)境內(nèi)；外國(guó)衛(wèi)星情報(bào)收集，即攔截外國(guó)衛(wèi)星處理的數(shù)據(jù)，如英國(guó)、挪威和日本。 | The Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad reported that leaks by Snowden show the NSA collects intelligence around the world in five ways. A document dating from 2012 lists the collection approaches as: data provided by the third-parties, i.e. international partners of the NSA in more than 30 countries; regional collection by Special Collection Service (SCS) installations that gather intelligence in more than 80 regions, and are part of a joint CIA-NSA program funded by a secret budget; computer network hacking carried out by a special NSA department that implants malicious software to steal sensitive information from 50,000 computers worldwide -- the major targets being China, Russia, Brazil, Egypt, India, Mexico, Saudi Arabia and countries in Eastern Europe; tapping into the fiber optic cables that transport Internet traffic between continents at 20 major locations, mostly inside the United States; and finally, intercepting data from foreign satellite communications in countries such as Britain, Norway and Japan. |
| “棱鏡”事件反映出美國(guó)以國(guó)家安全局為主的情報(bào)機(jī)構(gòu)，實(shí)施互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息監(jiān)控和信息獲取的主要手段和方法有以下三種： | The PRISM scandal revealed that intelligence agencies, led by the NSA in the United States, use three major approaches to conduct Internet surveillance and data collection. |
| ——從光纜獲取世界范圍內(nèi)的數(shù)據(jù)。全球的通信流量大部分經(jīng)過(guò)美國(guó)，目標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)流可以很容易流入或流經(jīng)美國(guó)。美國(guó)國(guó)家安全局與國(guó)防部等機(jī)構(gòu)在 2003年與美國(guó)環(huán)球電訊公司簽署《網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全協(xié)議》，此后的10年間，又與更多的電訊公司簽署了類(lèi)似協(xié)議。這些協(xié)議規(guī)定，電訊企業(yè)要在美國(guó)本土建立“網(wǎng)絡(luò) 運(yùn)行中心”，美國(guó)政府官員可以在發(fā)出警告半小時(shí)內(nèi)進(jìn)入查訪。與此同時(shí)，美國(guó)的盟友英國(guó)、加拿大等也為其提供光纜監(jiān)聽(tīng)情報(bào)。 | -- Obtaining data worldwide from fiber optic cables. Most data flows pass through the United States, so targeting data streams is a simple matter. The NSA, the Department of Defense and other departments signed a "Network Security Agreement" in 2003 with the telecommunication company Global Crossing. Over the following decade, the United States signed similar agreements with other telecommunication operators. The agreements required the companies to build "Network Operations Centers" on the U.S. soil that could be visited by government officials with 30 minutes of warning. Allies such as Britain and Canada also agreed to provide the United States with fiber optic cable intelligence. |
| ——直接進(jìn)入互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公司的服務(wù)器和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)獲取。“棱鏡”項(xiàng)目相繼與微軟、雅虎、谷歌、臉譜、PalTalk、YouTube、Skype、 AOL和蘋(píng)果等9家互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公司合作，大多數(shù)情況下，數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)通過(guò)這些公司的服務(wù)器以電子方式傳輸給政府，有時(shí)一些公司的服務(wù)器還會(huì)建立獨(dú)立安全入口，以便于 政府由此調(diào)取信息。情報(bào)人員可以直接進(jìn)入上述公司的服務(wù)器和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)獲取數(shù)據(jù)，內(nèi)容包括電子郵件、即時(shí)消息、視頻、照片、存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)、語(yǔ)音聊天、文件傳輸、視 頻會(huì)議、登錄時(shí)間和社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)資料等10類(lèi)信息，甚至可以直接監(jiān)控用戶網(wǎng)絡(luò)搜索內(nèi)容。 | -- Getting direct access to Internet companies' servers and databases to retrieve intelligence. The PRISM program cooperated with nine internet companies -- Microsoft, Yahoo, Google, Facebook, PalTalk, YouTube, Skype, AOL and Apple. The companies normally delivered data to the government electronically. Some companies established independent security access to make it easier for government agencies to extract intelligence. The intelligence agents would access the companies' servers and databases to collect emails, instant messages, videos, photos, stored data, voice chat, file transfers, video conferences, login times and social network profiles. They were even able to monitor users' Internet searches. |
| ——美國(guó)國(guó)家安全局的特別機(jī)構(gòu)主動(dòng)、秘密、遠(yuǎn)程入侵獲取。美國(guó)國(guó)家安全局早在1997年就下設(shè)“獲取特定情報(bào)行動(dòng)辦公室”，其主要任務(wù)是通過(guò)秘 密入侵目標(biāo)計(jì)算機(jī)和電信系統(tǒng)、破譯密碼、攻破受保護(hù)目標(biāo)計(jì)算機(jī)的安全系統(tǒng)等，竊取存儲(chǔ)在目標(biāo)計(jì)算機(jī)中的數(shù)據(jù)，然后復(fù)制目標(biāo)郵件系統(tǒng)中的所有信息和通過(guò)的數(shù) 據(jù)流量，來(lái)獲取境外目標(biāo)的情報(bào)。美國(guó)國(guó)家安全局描述這一系列行動(dòng)的技術(shù)術(shù)語(yǔ)是“計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)漏洞利用偵察”，其實(shí)質(zhì)就是網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊竊密。 | -- An NSA special unit was able to obtain intelligence secretly and remotely by hacking. The agency created the Office of Tailored Access Operations (TAO) as early as 1997. Its main task is to hack target computers and telecommunication systems, crack passwords and security systems, steal data from the target computers, copy information from email systems and track data flows to acquire intelligence on foreign targets. The NSA refers to these activities using the technical term "Computer Network Exploitation" (CNE), but they boil down to cyber-attacks and theft of secrets. |
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