《西藏的發(fā)展與進(jìn)步》白皮書
White Paper: Development and Progress of Tibet
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調(diào)整字號大小: 
| 二、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與民生改善 | II. Economic Growth and Improvement of the People's Livelihood |
| 發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)是確保西藏各族人民的基本權(quán)利，特別是生存權(quán)和發(fā)展權(quán)的重要途徑。西藏現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)的建立和發(fā)展，為各項(xiàng)事業(yè)的發(fā)展奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。 | Developing the economy is an important way to ensure the basic rights of all ethnic groups in Tibet, especially their rights to subsistence and development. The establishment of a modern economy in Tibet and its development has laid a solid material foundation for the progress of various undertakings in the region. |
| 經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展使人民生活水平不斷提高 | Economic growth constantly enhancing people's living standards |
| 和平解放后，中央政府把幫助西藏發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)、提高人民生活水平、改變貧窮落后面貌放在首位，制定了一系列特殊優(yōu)惠政策，推動經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)取得巨大成就。目前，西藏已初步建立起較為完善的社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)總量的歷史飛躍，并持續(xù)保持較快的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展勢頭。西藏地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值由1951年的1.29億元增加到2012年的701億元，年均增長8.5％，人均生產(chǎn)總值達(dá)到2.29萬元。1994年以來，西藏地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值連續(xù)19年實(shí)現(xiàn)兩位數(shù)以上增長，年均增速12.7％。 | Following the peaceful liberation of Tibet, the Central Government has always given top priority to helping Tibet develop its economy, enhance its people's living standards, and change its impoverished and backward situation. It has issued a series of favorable policies, and made great achievements in promoting Tibet's economy. Currently a relatively complete socialist market system has been established in the region, and historical leapfrog development has been realized in terms of economic aggregate. Tibet's economy is growing steadily and quickly. The Gross Regional Product (GRP) of Tibet rocketed from 129 million yuan in 1951 to 70.1 billion yuan in 2012, representing an annual growth of 8.5 percent on average. The per capita GRP reached 22,900 yuan. Since 1994 Tibet has realized double-digit growth for 19 consecutive years, with an annual growth rate of 12.7 percent on average. |
| 人民生活不斷改善，生活質(zhì)量不斷提高。2012年，全區(qū)農(nóng)牧民人均純收入達(dá)到5719元，連續(xù)10年保持兩位數(shù)以上的增長，城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入達(dá)到18028元。2006年以來實(shí)施的以安居工程為突破口的社會主義新農(nóng)村建設(shè)，惠及廣大農(nóng)牧民。截至2012年底，全區(qū)累計(jì)建成40.83萬戶安居房，占農(nóng)牧民總戶數(shù)的88.7％。2013年底前，所有農(nóng)牧民將住進(jìn)安全適用的房屋。2012年，西藏農(nóng)牧民人均居住面積為28.77平方米，城鎮(zhèn)居民人均居住面積為36.14平方米。水、電、路、訊、氣、廣播電視、郵政等農(nóng)村綜合配套設(shè)施建設(shè)逐步完善，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)通郵率、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)通公路率和行政村通公路率分別達(dá)到90％、99.7％、94.2％。累計(jì)解決193萬農(nóng)牧民的安全飲水問題，15萬戶農(nóng)牧民用上了清潔的沼氣能源，農(nóng)牧區(qū)碘鹽覆蓋率達(dá)到95％以上。 | Substantial improvements have been made in the people's lives and their living standards. The per capita net income of farmers and herdsmen in Tibet had maintained double-digit growth for 10 consecutive years, reaching 5,719 yuan in 2012. The per capita disposable income of urban dwellers was 18,028 yuan. The building of a new socialist countryside, initiated in 2006, has greatly benefited local farmers and herdsmen, especially through its low-income housing projects. By the end of 2012, a total of 408,300 low-income houses were built, providing housing to 88.7 percent of local households of farmers and herdsmen. All farmers and herdsmen will have moved into safe modern houses by the end of 2013. In 2012, the per capita floor space of farmers and herdsmen was 28.77 sq m, and that of urban dwellers 36.14 sq m. In rural areas, infrastructure has been improved to provide the necessary facilities for the local population, including water, power, transportation, telecommunication, natural gas, radio and television, and postal services. Some 90 percent and 99.7 percent of Tibetan townships now have access to postal service and road network, respectively, and 94.2 percent of administrative villages could be reached by road. A total of 1.93 million farmers and herdsmen now have access to safe drinking water, and 150,000 rural households are using clean biogas. In addition, over 95 percent of rural households use iodized salt. |
| 隨著人民生活逐步富裕，消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)開始多樣化，冰箱、彩電、電話、電腦、洗衣機(jī)、摩托車、手機(jī)等消費(fèi)品進(jìn)入了尋常百姓家。2012年，西藏城鎮(zhèn)每百戶居民中擁有汽車、摩托車分別為27輛和16輛，冰箱、彩電、電腦、洗衣機(jī)分別為86臺、129臺、63臺、88臺。在國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局、中國郵政集團(tuán)公司和中央電視臺聯(lián)合舉辦的“CCTV經(jīng)濟(jì)生活大調(diào)查”中，拉薩市連續(xù)5年被評為中國幸福指數(shù)最高的城市。 | As life improves, the people are beginning to have more choices in consumption. Refrigerators, color televisions, telephones, computers, washing machines, motorcycles, mobile phones and other consumer goods have entered ordinary households. In 2012, for every 100 urban households in Tibet there were 27 cars, 16 motorcycles, 86 refrigerators, 129 color TVs, 63 computers and 88 washing machines. According to the "CCTV Economic Life Survey" jointly hosted by the National Bureau of Statistics, China Post Group, and China Central Television (CCTV), Lhasa topped the "happiness index" for five consecutive years. |
| 堅(jiān)持綠色發(fā)展和可持續(xù)發(fā)展 | Adhering to green and sustainable development |
| 舊西藏只有農(nóng)牧業(yè)和手工業(yè)，且處于十分落后的自然經(jīng)濟(jì)狀態(tài)。經(jīng)過西藏各族人民的不懈努力，已經(jīng)建立起具有西藏特點(diǎn)的現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)體系。西藏堅(jiān)持以人為本的理念，重視綠色發(fā)展和可持續(xù)發(fā)展，嚴(yán)格限制高能耗、高污染、高排放行業(yè)發(fā)展，把經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展與環(huán)境保護(hù)統(tǒng)一起來，切實(shí)保護(hù)西藏各族人民的長遠(yuǎn)利益。 | The economy of old Tibet was supported by farming, animal husbandry and handicrafts, very close to a backward natural economy. With the strenuous efforts of the local people, Tibet has established a modern economic system with local characteristics. Putting the people's interests first and seeking green and sustainable development, Tibet has adopted rigorous measures to rein in energy-extensive, high-pollution and high-emission industries. Integrating socioeconomic progress and environmental protection, Tibet strives to safeguard the long-term interests of its people. |
| 農(nóng)牧業(yè)是西藏的傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)，也是基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè)。多年來，西藏農(nóng)牧區(qū)實(shí)行休養(yǎng)生息政策，通過下放生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營自主權(quán)、免征農(nóng)業(yè)稅、增加投入、增加科技含量以及加快推進(jìn)綜合生產(chǎn)能力等措施，使農(nóng)牧業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)了全面持續(xù)發(fā)展。近年來，糧食總產(chǎn)量保持在90萬噸以上。積極打造高原特色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品基地，第一產(chǎn)業(yè)增加值由1959年的1.28億元增加到2012年的80.38億元，年均增長4.7%。 | Farming and animal husbandry are Tibet's traditional industries and also the supporting pillars of its economy. For decades such policies have been followed that allow the farmland and grassland to recuperate on a regular basis. And by delegating managerial authority to lower levels, cancelling the old agricultural tax, increasing capital and technical investment, and promoting comprehensive productivity, Tibet has realized balanced and sustainable development in farming and animal husbandry. The annual grain production in recent years stands above 900,000 tons. Tibet is vigorously developing agricultural products with local characteristics, and the added value of its primary industry increased from 128 million yuan in 1959 to 8.038 billion yuan in 2012, growing by 4.7 percent annually. |
| 舊西藏沒有現(xiàn)代工業(yè)。通過60多年的發(fā)展，西藏的現(xiàn)代工業(yè)從無到有，從小到大，逐步發(fā)展起來。如今，已建立起一個包括能源、輕工、紡織、機(jī)械、采礦、建材、化工、食品加工、民族手工業(yè)、藏醫(yī)藥等20多個門類的現(xiàn)代工業(yè)體系。工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值從1956年的0.014億元增加到2012年的105.91億元。特色優(yōu)勢產(chǎn)業(yè)不斷發(fā)展壯大，第三產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展迅速。2012年接待國內(nèi)外游客1058.4萬人次，其中境外游客19.49萬人次，旅游總收入達(dá)到126.5億元。2012年三次產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)為11.5∶34.6∶53.9。 | There was no modern industry in old Tibet, but after more than 60 years of development, modern industry has been established in Tibet from scratch, and it has grown considerably in size. Today Tibet has a modern industrial system comprising over 20 industries, including energy, light industry, textiles, machinery, mining, building materials, chemical industry, food processing, folk handicrafts and traditional Tibetan medicine. The total industrial output value skyrocketed from 1.4 million yuan in 1956 to 10.591 billion yuan in 2012. The major industries with local characteristics have been expanding in scale, and tertiary industry is also growing rapidly. In 2012, Tibet welcomed domestic and overseas tourists on 10.584 million occasions, including foreign visitors on 194,900 occasions. In the same year, the tourism industry in Tibet generated 12.65 billion yuan in revenue. The proportionate layout of Tibet's industrial structure in terms of primary, secondary and tertiary industries was 11.5 : 34.6 : 53.9. |
| 現(xiàn)代化和城鎮(zhèn)化不斷提高人們的生活質(zhì)量 | Modernization and urbanization constantly improving people's lives |
| 舊西藏沒有一條現(xiàn)代意義上的公路，現(xiàn)在以公路、航空、鐵路、管道運(yùn)輸建設(shè)為重點(diǎn)的綜合交通運(yùn)輸體系逐步完善。2012年，西藏次高級以上路面里程達(dá)到8896公里，公路通車?yán)锍踢_(dá)到6.52萬公里，基本實(shí)現(xiàn)縣縣通公路、鄉(xiāng)鄉(xiāng)通公路，其中62個縣通油路。2006年，青藏鐵路建成通車，結(jié)束了西藏不通鐵路的歷史。拉薩至日喀則鐵路預(yù)計(jì)2014年建成通車。2011年，西藏第一條高速公路拉薩至貢嘎機(jī)場專用公路建成通車。截至2012年底，西藏已建成通航機(jī)場5個，9家航空公司在藏運(yùn)營，開通國內(nèi)航線34條，初步形成了以拉薩貢嘎機(jī)場為干線，以昌都邦達(dá)、林芝米林、阿里昆莎、日喀則和平機(jī)場為支線的機(jī)場布局。和平解放前，西藏僅有一座125千瓦、只供少數(shù)上層貴族享受的小電站，而今西藏電力發(fā)展迅速，以水電為主，地?zé)?、風(fēng)能、太陽能等多能互補(bǔ)的新型能源體系全面建成。2012年，西藏電力裝機(jī)總?cè)萘窟_(dá)到123萬千瓦，用電人口覆蓋率達(dá)到100％。拉薩市城市供暖試點(diǎn)工程開通運(yùn)行，2012年底實(shí)現(xiàn)40％的供暖目標(biāo)。舊西藏人背畜馱、驛站式傳遞的落后狀態(tài)已徹底改變。目前，已經(jīng)建成遍布全區(qū)的光纜、衛(wèi)星和長途電話網(wǎng)，全區(qū)縣以上基本實(shí)現(xiàn)3G通信技術(shù)全覆蓋，基本實(shí)現(xiàn)鄉(xiāng)鄉(xiāng)通寬帶、村村通電話。2012年，電話用戶數(shù)達(dá)到276萬戶，普及率為91部／百人；互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶數(shù)達(dá)到147萬戶，普及率為33.3％。 | In the old days Tibet had no roads in the modern sense, but today a comprehensive transportation system including road, aviation, railway, and pipeline transportation is being developed and improved. In 2012 Tibet had 8,896 km of roads with sub-high-grade surface or better, and the total length of road opened to traffic reached 65,200 km. Every county and township now has access to road transportation. Sixty-two counties are accessible by tarmac roads. In 2006 the Qinghai-Tibet Railway began operation, introducing railway transportation into Tibet for the first time in history. The construction of the railway line connecting Lhasa and Shigatse will be completed in 2014. In 2011 Tibet's first expressway opened to traffic, linking Lhasa and Gongga Airport. By the end of 2012 Tibet had five airports, and nine airlines had operations there. Now 34 domestic air routes link Tibet with other parts of China, with Gongga Airport (Lhasa) as the main terminal supplemented by Bamda Airport (Qamdo), Mainling Airport (Nyingchi), Gunsa Airport (Ngari), Heping Airport (Shigatse). Before the peaceful liberation of Tibet only one small power station, with a capacity of 125 kw, provided electricity to the small number of privileged aristocrats. Today's Tibet has a rapidly growing power industry. With hydraulic power as the main energy source, Tibet is also developing geothermal power, wind power, solar power and other new energies that complement each other. In 2012 the total installed generating capacity reached 1.23 million kw, and the coverage of power supply was 100 percent. In Lhasa, the city heating project started trial operation, providing heating to 40 percent of the city's households by the end of 2012. In old Tibet people used to carry goods by themselves or use pack animals, and mail was delivered by courier stations. This is now history. Currently a network of optical cable, satellite and long-distance telephone lines has been established in the region, and all places above county level are now covered by 3G signals. Every township has broadband connection and every village has telephone services. In 2012 the number of households using landline telephone reached 2.76 million, and there were 91 telephones for every 100 persons. The number of households with Internet connections users was 1.47 million, with a coverage rate of 33.3 percent. |
| 城鎮(zhèn)化使西藏各族人民更多分享現(xiàn)代文明發(fā)展帶來的成果。和平解放前，西藏只有少量人口居住點(diǎn)，城鎮(zhèn)只有拉薩、昌都、日喀則等少數(shù)地方，拉薩城區(qū)不足3平方公里。近年來，西藏堅(jiān)持走集約、智能、綠色、低碳的新型城鎮(zhèn)化道路，加快構(gòu)建以拉薩市為中心，以地區(qū)所在地為支點(diǎn)，以縣城、邊境城鎮(zhèn)、特色文化旅游城鎮(zhèn)為網(wǎng)絡(luò)的城鎮(zhèn)體系，提高產(chǎn)業(yè)和人口集聚能力。2012年，西藏設(shè)有兩個市和140個建制鎮(zhèn)，城鎮(zhèn)化率達(dá)22.75％。 | Urbanization has brought the fruits of modern civilization to people living in Tibet. Prior to the peaceful liberation of Tibet, only a handful of places were inhabited by any concentration of people, and only Lhasa, Qamdo and Shigatse could be called towns. The area of the town proper of Lhasa then was less than three square kilometers. In recent years Tibet has been promoting intensive, intelligent, green and low-carbon urbanization, which is a new-type urban system that centers on Lhasa City and radiates to prefectures, counties, border towns and towns with cultural attractions, in an attempt to attract more industries and residents. By 2012 Tibet had two cities and 140 towns, with an urbanization rate of 22.75 percent. |
| 對外開放加快了西藏的發(fā)展 | The reform and opening-up drive has quickened Tibet's development. |
| 改革開放30多年來，西藏通過深化改革和擴(kuò)大開放積極推動全區(qū)商業(yè)、對外貿(mào)易和旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)加快發(fā)展，不僅增強(qiáng)了與內(nèi)地的交流，同時(shí)也加強(qiáng)了與世界的聯(lián)系和合作。1993年，西藏與全國一道開始建立“框架一致、體制銜接”的社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制，深化物資、糧食、日用消費(fèi)品等領(lǐng)域價(jià)格流通改革并全面進(jìn)入市場。目前，西藏已經(jīng)深深融入全國統(tǒng)一的市場體系，來自全國和世界各地的商品源源不斷地進(jìn)入西藏，豐富著城鄉(xiāng)市場和百姓生活。西藏的名、優(yōu)、特產(chǎn)品及民族手工業(yè)產(chǎn)品，大量進(jìn)入全國市場。 | Over the past 30 years or more, through reform and opening up, Tibet has been proactively promoting commerce, foreign trade and tourism. It has increased exchanges with other parts of China as well as communication and cooperation with foreign countries. In 1993 Tibet began to develop the socialist market economy with the rest of the country, developing into a new system within the same framework. Reforms have been carried out in the pricing and circulation of goods and materials, grains, and consumer goods, all of which have entered the market system. Currently Tibet is incorporated into the national market system. Commodities from all over the nation and across the world keep flowing into Tibet, enriching the urban and rural markets as well as the lives of the people. At the same time, well-known and quality products with local characteristics and folk handcrafts are transported to other parts of the country in large quantities. |
| 西藏與世界的經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系日益密切。2012年，全區(qū)進(jìn)出口總額為34.24億美元，是1953年0.04億美元的850多倍，年均增長12.1％。截至2012年底，西藏實(shí)際利用外資4.7億美元。西藏立足區(qū)位優(yōu)勢，加強(qiáng)與印度、尼泊爾等周邊國家的友好合作，實(shí)施面向南亞的陸路貿(mào)易大通道建設(shè)，建設(shè)吉隆、樟木、亞東、普蘭和日屋口岸，大力發(fā)展邊境貿(mào)易。 | Economically, Tibet is now more and more closely linked to the world. In 2012 the total volume of its foreign trade reached 3.424 billion U.S. dollars, more than 850 times that of 1953, which stood at 4 million U.S. dollars, with an annual growth rate of 12.1 percent. By the end of 2012 actualized foreign investment in Tibet was 470 million U.S. dollars. Taking advantage of its geographical position, Tibet is strengthening friendly cooperation with India, Nepal and other neighboring countries. To promote border trade, it is building a "commodity passageway" to South Asia via the land route, and has built trading centers in such port cities as Gyirong, Zhangmu, Yatung, Pulan and Riwu. |
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