《西藏的發(fā)展與進(jìn)步》白皮書
White Paper: Development and Progress of Tibet

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五、社會變遷與各項(xiàng)事業(yè)的發(fā)展	V. Social Changes and Development of All Undertakings
西藏的發(fā)展是全面的發(fā)展。伴隨政治經(jīng)濟(jì)制度的變革，西藏社會也相應(yīng)發(fā)生由傳統(tǒng)向現(xiàn)代的整體性變遷，人民的受教育權(quán)利、就業(yè)權(quán)利、健康權(quán)利、社會保障權(quán)利得到進(jìn)一步保障，各項(xiàng)事業(yè)呈現(xiàn)欣欣向榮的景象。	Tibet has achieved all-round development. With the changes in the political and economic systems, Tibet has made the transition from a traditional society to a modern one. Its people's rights to education, employment, health and social security have been further protected, and all social undertakings are thriving.
科學(xué)教育事業(yè)迅猛發(fā)展	Science and education have achieved rapid development.
在舊西藏，除藏醫(yī)、天文歷算外，現(xiàn)代意義上的科研機(jī)構(gòu)和科研人員處于空白。目前，西藏?fù)碛袊歇?dú)立科研機(jī)構(gòu)33所，民營科研機(jī)構(gòu)10所，自治區(qū)、地(市)、縣(市、區(qū))三級農(nóng)牧業(yè)科研和技術(shù)推廣機(jī)構(gòu)184個(gè)，國家級和自治區(qū)級農(nóng)業(yè)科技園區(qū)、重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室29個(gè)，國家級高新技術(shù)企業(yè)27家，自治區(qū)級科技型中小企業(yè)46家，國家級創(chuàng)新型企業(yè)和企業(yè)技術(shù)中心5家。目前，西藏有專業(yè)技術(shù)人員56264人，其中，少數(shù)民族43552人，占總數(shù)的77.41％；高級專業(yè)技術(shù)人員2870人(包括1名中國工程院院士、244名享受政府特殊津貼專家、16名有突出貢獻(xiàn)中青年專家、3名國家杰出專業(yè)技術(shù)人才)，中級專業(yè)技術(shù)人員13869人，初級專業(yè)技術(shù)人員36216人。他們在農(nóng)牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)、工業(yè)生產(chǎn)、藏藥產(chǎn)業(yè)、新能源、旅游業(yè)、文化創(chuàng)意、民族手工業(yè)等領(lǐng)域的科技創(chuàng)新和成果轉(zhuǎn)化方面發(fā)揮了積極作用。2012年，科技對經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)到35％，對農(nóng)牧業(yè)增長的貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)到42％，科學(xué)技術(shù)普及率達(dá)到85％。	Before its peaceful liberation in 1951, Tibet had no scientific research institutes or staff in the modern sense except in the areas of Tibetan medicine, astronomy and the calendar. Now, Tibet has 33 state-owned independent scientific research institutes, ten private scientific research institutes, and 184 agricultural and animal husbandry science and technology promotion organizations at the autonomous region, prefectural (municipal), and county (district)levels; 29 agricultural science and technology parks and key laboratories at the national and autonomous region levels; 27 state-level new and high-tech enterprises and 46 autonomous-region-level small and medium-sized sci-tech enterprises, and five state-level innovative enterprises and corporate technology centers. Currently, Tibet has 56,264 technical professionals, of whom 43,552 are from ethnic-minority groups, accounting for 77.41 percent; 2,870 senior technical professionals (including one member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, 244 experts enjoying special government allowances, 16 young and middle-aged experts with outstanding contributions and three national outstanding technical professionals), 13,869 intermediate technical professionals and 36,216 junior technical professionals. All these people play an active role in scientific innovation and application in agriculture, animal husbandry, industry, Tibetan medicine, new energy, tourism, cultural creativity, ethnic handicrafts and other fields. In 2012 the contribution rate of science to economic growth reached 35 percent, to agricultural and animal husbandry growth 42 percent, and the popularization rate of science and technology 85 percent.
在舊西藏，接受教育的絕大多數(shù)是貴族子弟，占總?cè)丝?5％的農(nóng)奴和奴隸沒有受教育的權(quán)利，青壯年文盲率高達(dá)95％?，F(xiàn)在，西藏已建立起一個(gè)涵蓋學(xué)前教育、基礎(chǔ)教育、職業(yè)教育、高等教育、成人教育、特殊教育等完整的現(xiàn)代教育體系。從1985年開始，實(shí)施對接受義務(wù)教育階段教育的農(nóng)牧民子女包吃、包住、包學(xué)習(xí)費(fèi)用的“三包”政策，先后12次提高補(bǔ)助標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，惠及51.04萬人。2007年，在全國率先實(shí)現(xiàn)9年免費(fèi)義務(wù)教育，2012年又在全國率先實(shí)現(xiàn)15年免費(fèi)教育(學(xué)前教育3年、小學(xué)6年、初中3年、高中3年)。截至2012年底，全區(qū)有小學(xué)在校生292016人，小學(xué)適齡兒童入學(xué)率達(dá)到99.4％；初級中學(xué)在校生130266人，初中入學(xué)率達(dá)到98.6％；普通高級中學(xué)在校生47825人，中等職業(yè)學(xué)校在校生18291人，高中階段入學(xué)率達(dá)70.2％；在校本?？粕?3452人、研究生1079人，高等教育毛入學(xué)率達(dá)到27.4％。全國20個(gè)省、直轄市的26所學(xué)校開辦內(nèi)地西藏初、高中班(校)，有60所重點(diǎn)高中招收戶籍為西藏的學(xué)生，48所國家級示范中等職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)校、170所高等學(xué)校招收西藏班學(xué)生，累計(jì)招收初中生42040人，高中(中專)生47492人，高校本?？粕?6100人。目前，內(nèi)地西藏班(校)在校生總數(shù)42460人。掃盲人口覆蓋率達(dá)到100％，青壯年文盲率下降到0.8％，15周歲以上人口人均受教育年限達(dá)到8.1年。	Before the peaceful liberation of Tibet, the educated were mostly aristocrats, while serfs and slaves, accounting for 95 percent of the total population of Tibet, had no right to education at all, and the illiteracy rate among young and middle-aged people was 95 percent. Now, Tibet has established a modern education system covering pre-school education, basic education, vocational education, higher education, adult education and special education. Since 1985 China has covered all tuition, food and boarding expenses for students from farmers and herdsmen's families in the stage of compulsory education, raised the subsidy standard 12 times and benefited 510,400 people. In 2007 Tibet became the first place in China to enjoy free nine-year compulsory education, and in 2012 the first place in China to enjoy 15-year free education (three-year preschool, six-year primary school, three-year junior middle school and three-year senior middle school). By the end of 2012 Tibet had 292,016 primary school students, with an enrollment rate of 99.4 percent among school-age children; 130,266 junior middle school students, with an enrollment rate of 98.6 percent; 47,825 regular senior middle school students and 18,291 secondary vocational school students, the senior middle school enrollment rate reaching 70.2 percent. In addition, there were 33,452 undergraduate students and 1,079 postgraduate students, the higher education gross enrollment rate reaching 27.4 percent. In China 26 senior and junior middle schools in 20 provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government have classes specially for Tibetan students; 60 key senior middle schools enroll students with registered permanent residence in Tibet; 48 state-level demonstration secondary vocational technical schools and 170 institutions of higher learning enroll students from the Tibetan classes. These schools and universities have accumulatively enrolled 42,040 junior middle school students, 47,492 senior middle school students (secondary vocational school students), and 16,100 undergraduate students. Currently, inland Tibetan classes have 42,460 students. The campaign to get rid of illiteracy has reached all population in Tibet, the illiteracy rate among young and middle-aged people has decreased to 0.8 percent, and the average length of education for people above the age of 15 has reached 8.1 years.
公民的勞動和工作權(quán)利得到保障	Citizens' right to employment is protected.
民主改革以來，西藏各行各業(yè)不斷興起，就業(yè)領(lǐng)域不斷擴(kuò)大，對勞動者的知識技能要求也不斷提高。政府部門通過加強(qiáng)免費(fèi)職業(yè)技能培訓(xùn)、打造勞務(wù)品牌、提高轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)的組織化程度、優(yōu)化進(jìn)城務(wù)工環(huán)境等方式，大力促進(jìn)農(nóng)牧民就近就地就業(yè)。通過開發(fā)公益性崗位，開展“送政策、送崗位、送技能、送服務(wù)”等就業(yè)援助方式，妥善解決“零就業(yè)”家庭、殘疾人等各類就業(yè)困難群體的就業(yè)。近年來，公益性崗位共安置各類就業(yè)困難人員19867人，動態(tài)消除了零就業(yè)家庭。積極為城鄉(xiāng)勞動者和用人單位搭建雙向交流選擇平臺。2012年，農(nóng)牧區(qū)勞動力轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)突破45萬人。2012年，14153名高校畢業(yè)生實(shí)現(xiàn)了就業(yè)，高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)率達(dá)到98.36％。通過設(shè)立最低工資標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、加大勞動合同和集體合同制度推行力度、推進(jìn)勞動監(jiān)察和調(diào)解仲裁、完善勞資糾紛案件預(yù)防和處置機(jī)制，多舉措維護(hù)勞動者合法權(quán)益。2012年，西藏城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)2.5萬人，城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)率控制在2.6%以內(nèi)，社會就業(yè)較為充分。	Since the democratic reform in Tibet in 1959, all trades in Tibet have thrived, areas of employment have expanded and the requirement for employees' knowledge and skills raised. The government vigorously encourages farmers and herdsmen to seek employment locally by promoting free vocational training, building labor service brands, and improving the mechanism for organized transfer employment and providing better employment environment for migrant workers. The government helps "zero-employment" families, the disabled and other groups with employment difficulties to find jobs by increasing public welfare positions, "enacting policies and providing jobs, skill training, employment services" and other employment assistance. In recent years the government has provided public welfare positions for 19,867 people with employment difficulties, thereby eliminating the number of "zero-employment" families. The government has actively built a two-way selection platform for urban and rural employers and workers. In 2012 new jobs in other fields were found for 450,000 farmers and herdsmen. At the same time 14,153 higher-education graduates were employed, with an employment rate of 98.36 percent. To protect the lawful rights and interests of the workers, the government has set a standard for minimum wages, promoted the adoption of labor contract and collective bargaining, enhanced labor supervision, mediation and arbitration, and improved the mechanism of preventing and handling labor-management dispute cases. In 2012 Tibet' s newly increased urban employment totaled 25,000, and the registered urban unemployment rate was below 2.6 percent.
人民健康水平不斷提高	The people's health has increasingly improved.
在舊西藏，僅拉薩、日喀則有規(guī)模很小的少數(shù)官辦藏醫(yī)機(jī)構(gòu)、私人診所和民間藏醫(yī)。目前，已建立以拉薩為中心，遍布全區(qū)城鄉(xiāng)的藏醫(yī)、西醫(yī)、中醫(yī)相結(jié)合的公共醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系，實(shí)現(xiàn)了“一村一衛(wèi)生室”的目標(biāo)。2012年，西藏有各級各類醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)6660個(gè)，床位8352張；衛(wèi)生人員21558人，其中衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人員達(dá)9336人。醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)診療和住院人次分別達(dá)到1012萬人次和14.55萬人次。以免費(fèi)醫(yī)療為基礎(chǔ)的農(nóng)牧區(qū)醫(yī)療制度覆蓋全區(qū)農(nóng)牧民。農(nóng)牧民免費(fèi)醫(yī)療經(jīng)費(fèi)補(bǔ)助標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，從1993年的年人均5.5元提高到2012年的年人均300元。西藏自治區(qū)政府安排專項(xiàng)資金2300萬元，建立了農(nóng)牧民群眾大病補(bǔ)充醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)。在全國率先實(shí)現(xiàn)城鄉(xiāng)居民免費(fèi)健康體檢，經(jīng)費(fèi)補(bǔ)助標(biāo)準(zhǔn)逐步提高，目前為年人均300元。2012年，對1032名先心病兒童實(shí)行免費(fèi)救治。目前，西藏建立起了81個(gè)預(yù)防控制機(jī)構(gòu)，在全區(qū)實(shí)施免疫規(guī)劃，不斷完善疫情報(bào)告和監(jiān)測體系，基本遏制住了鼠疫、結(jié)核病、麻風(fēng)病、大骨節(jié)病、碘缺乏病，麻疹、白喉、百日咳、破傷風(fēng)、脊髓灰質(zhì)炎等傳染病發(fā)病率大幅度下降。碘鹽覆蓋率達(dá)96.59％，基本消除了碘缺乏病。2012年，西藏實(shí)施1000個(gè)行政村農(nóng)牧民體育健身工程。加強(qiáng)城市綜合體育健身功能區(qū)、城鎮(zhèn)綜合性健身體育場館建設(shè)，確保農(nóng)牧區(qū)有健身場地和器材。推進(jìn)科學(xué)健身工程，加強(qiáng)基層體育組織、社區(qū)體育俱樂部、全民健身站點(diǎn)等服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)建設(shè)，增強(qiáng)百姓的健康水平，提高生活品質(zhì)。西藏一直實(shí)行寬松的生育政策，對占總?cè)丝?0％以上的農(nóng)牧民不限制生育數(shù)量。政府倡導(dǎo)晚婚晚育、優(yōu)生優(yōu)育、科學(xué)文明的婚姻生活。	Before the peaceful liberation of Tibet, only Lhasa and Shigatse had government-run Tibetan medical institutions, private clinics and Tibetan doctors, which were small in both number and operating size. Now Tibet has a public medical and health service system combining Tibetan medicine, Western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine that covers all urban and rural areas of the autonomous region with Lhasa as the center, thereby realizing the objective of "one clinic for one village." In 2012 Tibet had 6,660 medical and health institutions, 8,352 hospital beds and 21,558 health workers (including 9,336 health technicians). The medical institutions provided treatment on 10.12 million occasions and accommodated patients in hospitals on 145,500 occasions. Free medical services are now available to all the farmers and herdsmen in the autonomous region. The subsidy for these medical services was raised from 5.5 yuan annually per person in 1993 to 300 yuan in 2012. The autonomous regional government allocated a special fund of 23 million yuan to set up a major disease supplementary health insurance for farmers and herdsmen. Tibet was the first in China to provide free physical examinations for urban and rural residents, and the subsidy has been raised to 300 yuan annually per capita. In 2012 Tibet provided free medical treatment to 1,032 children with congenital heart defects (CHD). Tibet has set up 81 disease prevention and control institutions; promoted an immunization program throughout the autonomous region; improved the epidemic disease reporting and monitoring system; basically contained plague, tuberculosis (TB), leprosy, Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) and iodine deficiency disorders (IDD); reduced the incidence of measles, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis and other infectious diseases by a large margin; and basically eliminated IDD, with an iodized salt coverage rate of 96.59 percent. In 2012 Tibet implemented a fitness program for farmers and herdsmen in 1,000 administrative villages; enhanced the construction of urban physical fitness zones and gymnasiums; ensured that agricultural and pastoral areas have fitness sites and equipment; promoted a scientific fitness program; and enhanced the building of community-level sports organizations, community sports clubs and nationwide fitness centers to improve the people's health and quality of life. Tibet has been implementing a flexible birth-control policy, which exempts the farmers and herdsmen, who account for over 80 percent of Tibet's total population, from the limit set on the number of children one couple could have. The government encourages late marriage and postponed childbearing, healthy pregnancy and scientific nurture, and healthy and civilized marriage lives.
在舊西藏，由于經(jīng)濟(jì)落后、新生兒成活率低、醫(yī)療條件差、僧尼人口比重大等因素，人口增長長期處在停滯狀態(tài)。和平解放以來，西藏人口由1951年的114.09萬人增長到2010年的300.2萬人，其中，藏族人口271.6萬人，占總?cè)丝诘?0％以上；其他少數(shù)民族人口4萬多人，占總?cè)丝诘?.3％；漢族人口24.5萬人，占總?cè)丝诘?％。2012年，西藏人口達(dá)到308萬人。西藏人均壽命從1951年的35.5歲提高到現(xiàn)在的68.17歲，孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率和嬰兒死亡率均大幅下降，人民的健康水平大幅提升。	Before the peaceful liberation, Tibet's population remained stagnant for a long period of time because of economic backwardness, low survival rate of newborns, poor medical conditions and a large proportion of monks and nuns in the total population. But since the peaceful liberation, Tibet's population increased from 1.1409 million in 1951 to 3.002 million in 2010, of which 2.716 million were Tibetans, accounting for more than 90 percent of the total; over 40,000 were from other ethnic-minority groups, accounting for 1.3 percent; and 245,000 were Han people, accounting for 8 percent. In 2012 Tibet's total population reached 3.08 million. The average life expectancy there has increased from 35.5 years in 1951 to 68.17 years now; the death rates of infants and women in childbirth have dropped greatly and the people' s health has been remarkably improved.
社會保障體系日益完善	Social security system increasingly improved.
近年來，西藏的社會保障體系日趨完善，老有所養(yǎng)、病有所醫(yī)、困有所助成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。到2012年底，以基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)、基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)和失業(yè)、工傷、生育保險(xiǎn)為核心的覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)居民的社會保障體系在西藏全面建立，全區(qū)各項(xiàng)社會保險(xiǎn)參?？?cè)藬?shù)達(dá)到239.7萬人次。2012年，兌現(xiàn)各項(xiàng)社會保險(xiǎn)23.8億元。西藏城鄉(xiāng)最低生活保障覆蓋對象不斷增加，低保補(bǔ)助標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不斷提高。2012年，西藏城鎮(zhèn)居民有48047人享受政府最低生活保障，農(nóng)村居民有32.9萬人享受政府最低生活保障，補(bǔ)助標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分別為每人每月400元、每人每年1600元。五保（保吃、保穿、保醫(yī)、保住、保葬）供養(yǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大幅提高，2013年達(dá)到每人2600元。城鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)療救助累計(jì)救助困難群眾近12萬人（次），城鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)療救助資金累計(jì)落實(shí)20575萬元。城鄉(xiāng)困難群眾臨時(shí)生活救助共救助6925戶（次），支出臨時(shí)救助資金776.2萬元。資助特困學(xué)生6432人，發(fā)放資助金1676.9萬元。截至2012年8月，累積向全區(qū)城鄉(xiāng)394636名低保、五保、優(yōu)撫對象發(fā)放價(jià)格臨時(shí)補(bǔ)貼，共支出12606.9萬元。關(guān)心關(guān)愛廣大僧尼，將寺廟在編僧尼全部納入社會保障體系，實(shí)現(xiàn)了醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)和最低生活保障全覆蓋。僧尼年滿60周歲的按月領(lǐng)取養(yǎng)老金，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為每月120元，尼姑年滿60周歲、僧人年滿65周歲的終身享受基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)。	In recent years Tibet's social security system has been increasingly improved, so that the sick can seek medical treatment, the elderly are cared for and the financially straitened can receive aid. By the end of 2012 Tibet had established a social security system consisting of basic old-age insurance, basic health insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance and maternity insurance, and covering all urban and rural residents, with an insured population of 2.397 million. In 2012 Tibet covered all types of social insurance to the tune of 2.38 billion yuan. The basic living allowance coverage keeps expanding in urban and rural Tibet, and the amount of allowance granted has been raised several times. In 2012, 48,047 urban residents and 329,000 rural residents received basic living allowances from the government, with 400 yuan per person per month in cities and 1,600 yuan per person per year in the countryside. The yearly payment to those who enjoy the "five guarantees" (for food, clothing, medical care, housing and funeral expenses) has been raised significantly to 2,600 yuan per person per year in 2013. People with economic difficulties in urban and rural areas received medical aid on nearly 120,000 occasions, with total funds amounting to 205.75 million yuan. A total of 6,925 urban and rural households with economic difficulties received temporary relief funds totaling 7.762 million yuan. A total of 6,432 students with financial hardships were provided with 16.769 million yuan in assistance. By August 2012 a total of 394,636 urban and rural residents entitled to basic living allowance, the "five guarantees" and special social care received temporary price subsidies totaling 126.069 million yuan. Under the special care of the government, all the monks and nuns in Tibet have been included in the social security system and covered by health insurance, old-age insurance and basic living allowance. Monks and nuns above the age of 60 receive a 120 yuan monthly pension; nuns above the age of 60 and monks above the age of 65 enjoy permanent basic health insurance.
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