《中國的核應(yīng)急》白皮書
White Paper: China's Nuclear Emergency Preparedness
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| 五、核事故應(yīng)對(duì)處置主要措施 | V. Main Measures to Cope with Nuclear Accidents |
| 中國參照國際先進(jìn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，汲取國際成熟經(jīng)驗(yàn)，結(jié)合國情和核能發(fā)展實(shí)際，制定了控制、緩解、應(yīng)對(duì)核事故的工作措施。 | By referring the advanced international standards and drawing on worldwide mature experience, China has defined working measures to control, mitigate and cope with nuclear accidents commensurate with its national conditions and actual situation of nuclear energy development. |
| 實(shí)施縱深防御。設(shè)置五道防線，前移核應(yīng)急關(guān)口，多重屏障強(qiáng)化核電安全，防止事故與減輕事故后果。一是保證設(shè)計(jì)、制造、建造、運(yùn)行等質(zhì)量，預(yù)防偏離正常運(yùn)行。二是嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行運(yùn)行規(guī)程，遵守運(yùn)行技術(shù)規(guī)范，使機(jī)組運(yùn)行在限定的安全區(qū)間以內(nèi)，及時(shí)檢測(cè)和糾正偏差，對(duì)非正常運(yùn)行加以控制，防止演變?yōu)槭鹿省Ｈ侨绻钗茨芗皶r(shí)糾正，發(fā)生設(shè)計(jì)基準(zhǔn)事故時(shí)，自動(dòng)啟用電廠安全系統(tǒng)和保護(hù)系統(tǒng)，組織應(yīng)急運(yùn)行，防止事故惡化。四是如果事故未能得到有效控制，啟動(dòng)事故處理規(guī)程，實(shí)施事故管理策略，保證安全殼不被破壞，防止放射性物質(zhì)外泄。五是在極端情況下，如果以上各道防線均告失效，立即進(jìn)行場(chǎng)外應(yīng)急響應(yīng)行動(dòng)，努力減輕事故對(duì)公眾和環(huán)境的影響。同時(shí)，設(shè)置多道實(shí)體屏障，確保層層設(shè)防，防止和控制放射性物質(zhì)釋入環(huán)境。 | Implementing the defense-in-depth concept. Five lines of defense have been set up under which the nuclear emergency preparedness threshold is moved ahead and multiple barriers are installed to strengthen nuclear safety, prevent accidents and mitigate the consequences of an accident. The five lines of defense are: First, the quality of design, manufacturing, construction and operation shall be assured to prevent deviation from normal operation; second, operation procedures and operation technical specifications shall be rigorously followed and observed to ensure that each nuclear generating unit is operated within the defined safety range, any deviations therefrom are detected and corrected in a timely manner, and any abnormal operation is controlled to prevent it from evolving into an accident; third, in case a deviation fails to be corrected in a timely manner, plant safety and protection systems shall be automatically activated upon occurrence of an accident within the design datum, and emergency operations shall be organized to prevent the situation deteriorating; fourth, in case an accident fails to be controlled effectively, accident handling procedures shall be activated with the accident management strategy enforced to ensure that the containment shall remain intact and no radioactive substances are released into the environment; and fifth, in the event of failure of the above-mentioned lines of defense, off-site emergency actions shall be immediately activated in an effort to minimize any impact from the accident on the public or the environment. Meanwhile, multiple physical barriers shall be set up to ensure that multiple lines of defense are in place to prevent and control release of radioactive substances into the environment. |
| 實(shí)行分級(jí)響應(yīng)。參照國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)核事故事件分級(jí)表，根據(jù)核事故性質(zhì)、嚴(yán)重程度及輻射后果影響范圍，確定核事故級(jí)別。核應(yīng)急狀態(tài)分為應(yīng)急待命、廠房應(yīng)急、場(chǎng)區(qū)應(yīng)急、場(chǎng)外應(yīng)急，分別對(duì)應(yīng)Ⅳ級(jí)響應(yīng)、Ⅲ級(jí)響應(yīng)、Ⅱ級(jí)響應(yīng)、Ⅰ級(jí)響應(yīng)。前三級(jí)響應(yīng)，主要針對(duì)場(chǎng)區(qū)范圍內(nèi)的應(yīng)急需要組織實(shí)施。當(dāng)出現(xiàn)或可能出現(xiàn)向環(huán)境釋放大量放射性物質(zhì)，事故后果超越場(chǎng)區(qū)邊界并可能嚴(yán)重危及公眾健康和環(huán)境安全時(shí)，進(jìn)入場(chǎng)外應(yīng)急，啟動(dòng)Ⅰ級(jí)響應(yīng)。 | Exercising a tiered response scheme. The level of a nuclear accident shall be determined in accordance with the nature and seriousness of the accident and scope of effect from radiation, based on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) guidelines of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The nuclear emergency preparedness condition is divided into Emergency Standby, Building Emergency, On-Site Emergency and Off-Site Emergency, which respectively correspond to Level IV response, Level III response, Level II response and Level I response. The first three levels of response mainly focus on the organization and implementation of emergency actions within the site. Off-Site Emergency shall be announced with its corresponding Level I response activated upon occurrence of release or possible release of a large quantity of radioactive substances into the environment in which accident consequences have crossed boundaries of the site, with the possibility of seriously jeopardizing public health and environmental safety. |
| 部署響應(yīng)行動(dòng)。核事故發(fā)生后，各級(jí)核應(yīng)急組織根據(jù)事故性質(zhì)和嚴(yán)重程度，實(shí)施以下全部或部分響應(yīng)行動(dòng)。 | Deploying actions of response. Every level of nuclear emergency organization shall implement the following response actions in whole or in part depending upon the nature and seriousness of the accident: |
| ——迅速緩解控制事故。立即組織專業(yè)力量、裝備和物資等開展工程搶險(xiǎn)，緩解并控制事故，努力使核設(shè)施恢復(fù)到安全狀態(tài)，防止或減少放射性物質(zhì)向環(huán)境釋放。 | -- Mitigating and controlling the accident in a timely manner. A professional force, equipment and supplies shall be thrown into immediate engineering emergency measures to mitigate and control any accident in an attempt to bring the relevant nuclear installation back to a safe condition while preventing or minimizing the release of radioactive substances into the environment. |
| ——開展輻射監(jiān)測(cè)和后果評(píng)價(jià)。在事故現(xiàn)場(chǎng)和受影響地區(qū)開展放射性監(jiān)測(cè)以及人員受照劑量監(jiān)測(cè)等。實(shí)時(shí)開展氣象、水文、地質(zhì)、地震等觀（監(jiān)）測(cè)預(yù)報(bào)。開展事故工況診斷和釋放源項(xiàng)分析，研判事故發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，評(píng)價(jià)輻射后果，判定受影響區(qū)域范圍。 | -- Conducting radiation monitoring and consequence assessment. Radiation monitoring shall be conducted at the site of the accident and areas affected and doses possibly absorbed by personnel shall be measured. Observation/surveillance and forecast on meteorological, hydrological, geological and seismic impacts shall be provided on a real-time basis. The accident conditions shall be diagnosed and substances released shall be analyzed to determine the accident evolution trend, evaluate radiation consequences and define the areas affected. |
| ——組織人員實(shí)施應(yīng)急防護(hù)行動(dòng)。當(dāng)事故已經(jīng)或可能導(dǎo)致碘放射性同位素釋放，由專業(yè)組織及時(shí)安排一定區(qū)域內(nèi)公眾服用穩(wěn)定碘，以減少甲狀腺的受照劑量。適時(shí)組織受輻射影響地區(qū)人員采取隱蔽、撤離、臨時(shí)避遷或永久遷出等應(yīng)急防護(hù)措施，避免或減少受到輻射損傷。及時(shí)開展心理援助，撫慰社會(huì)公眾情緒，減輕社會(huì)恐慌。 | -- Organizing personnel to implement emergency protection actions. If radioactive isotope of iodine has already been released or may be released arising from an accident, a professional team shall organize the public within a given area to take stable iodine pills to minimize radiation exposure to the thyroid gland. The people in the affected area shall be duly organized to take emergency protection measures deemed necessary, including hiding, evacuating, seeking temporary shelter or permanently moving out in order to prevent or minimize injuries from radiation exposure. Psychological assistance shall be provided in a timely manner to minimize social anxiety and panic. |
| ——實(shí)施去污洗消和醫(yī)療救治。由專業(yè)人員去除或降低人員、設(shè)備、場(chǎng)所、環(huán)境等放射性污染。組織核應(yīng)急醫(yī)學(xué)救援力量實(shí)施醫(yī)學(xué)診斷、分類，開展醫(yī)療救治，包括現(xiàn)場(chǎng)緊急救治、地方醫(yī)院救治和后方專業(yè)救治等。 | -- Arranging decontamination and medical treatment. Professionals shall be dispatched to remove or minimize radioactive pollution affecting people, equipment, premises and the environment. A nuclear emergency preparedness medical rescue force shall be organized to perform medical diagnoses, case identification and medical treatment, including on-site first-aid treatment, local hospital treatment and backup professional treatment. |
| ——控制出入通道和口岸。根據(jù)受事故影響區(qū)域具體情況，劃定警戒區(qū)，設(shè)定出入通道，嚴(yán)格控制各類人員、車輛、設(shè)備和物資出入。對(duì)出入境人員、交通工具、集裝箱、貨物、行李物品、郵包快件等實(shí)施放射性污染檢測(cè)與控制。 | -- Controlling access passages and ports. Zones shall be demarcated according to the areas affected and strict control shall be enforced over the passage of people, vehicles, equipment and supplies in and out of the designated passages. People, vehicles, cargo containers, goods, travelers' belongings and parcels moving in or out of the border checkpoints shall be screened for radiation detection and control. |
| ——加強(qiáng)市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管與調(diào)控。針對(duì)受事故影響地區(qū)市場(chǎng)供應(yīng)及公眾心理狀況，及時(shí)進(jìn)行重要生活必需品的市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管和調(diào)控。禁止或限制受污染食品和飲用水的生產(chǎn)、加工、流通和食用，避免或減少放射性物質(zhì)攝入。 | -- Strengthening market supervision and regulation. Necessities shall be subject to market supervision and regulation in a timely manner in line with the supply of market and the public psych in the areas affected. Manufacturing, processing, circulation and consumption of contaminated food and drinking water shall be banned or limited, so as to prevent or minimize the intake of radioactive substances. |
| ——維護(hù)社會(huì)治安。嚴(yán)厲打擊借機(jī)傳播謠言、制造恐慌等違法犯罪行為。在群眾安置點(diǎn)、搶險(xiǎn)救援物資存放點(diǎn)等重點(diǎn)地區(qū)，增設(shè)臨時(shí)警務(wù)站，加強(qiáng)治安巡邏。強(qiáng)化核事故現(xiàn)場(chǎng)等重要場(chǎng)所警戒保衛(wèi)，根據(jù)需要做好周邊地區(qū)交通管制等工作。 | -- Maintaining social order. Illegal or criminal acts, such as spreading rumors to create panic, shall be dealt with rigorously. Additional makeshift police posts shall be established to reinforce security patrols in important locations such as settlement sites and storage places for rescue supplies. Security for important premises such as the site of the nuclear accident shall be enhanced, and traffic control in the surrounding areas shall be properly coordinated according to actual needs. |
| ——發(fā)布權(quán)威準(zhǔn)確信息。參照國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)做法，根據(jù)中國法律法規(guī)，由國家、?。▍^(qū)、市）和核設(shè)施營運(yùn)單位適時(shí)向社會(huì)發(fā)布準(zhǔn)確、權(quán)威信息，及時(shí)將核事故狀態(tài)、影響和社會(huì)公眾應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)、需要個(gè)人進(jìn)行防護(hù)的措施告知公眾，確保信息公開、透明。 | -- Releasing accurate official information. Accurate and official information shall be duly published to the public by the central, provincial (regional or municipal) governments and operators of nuclear installations in accordance with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) practice, and the laws and regulations of China to ensure that information with respect to nuclear accident status, effects on the public and individual protection measures shall be disclosed to the public in an open, transparent and timely manner. |
| ——做好國際通報(bào)與申請(qǐng)?jiān)０凑諊H原子能機(jī)構(gòu)《及早通報(bào)核事故公約》要求，做好向國際社會(huì)的通報(bào)。按照國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)《核事故或輻射緊急情況援助公約》要求，視情向國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)和國際社會(huì)申請(qǐng)核應(yīng)急救援。 | -- Doing well in notifying the international community and requesting for help. Notification shall be given to the international community in accordance with the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident of the IAEA. Request for assistance shall be made to the IAEA and the world community in accordance with the Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency of the IAEA, depending upon the actual situation. |
| 建立健全國家核應(yīng)急技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系。建立包括設(shè)置核電廠應(yīng)急計(jì)劃區(qū)、核事故分級(jí)、應(yīng)急狀態(tài)分級(jí)、開展應(yīng)急防護(hù)行動(dòng)、實(shí)施應(yīng)急干預(yù)原則與干預(yù)水平等完整系統(tǒng)的國家核應(yīng)急技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系，為組織實(shí)施核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與響應(yīng)提供基本技術(shù)指南。 | Establishing a robust system of technical standards for national nuclear emergency preparedness. A complete system of technical standards for national nuclear emergency preparedness shall be established, and it covers the standards for classification of nuclear power plant emergency planning zones, nuclear accidents and emergency status, implementation of emergency protection actions, and definition of emergency intervention principles and levels of intervention, so as to provide a primary technical guideline for the implementation of nuclear emergency preparedness and response. |
| 加強(qiáng)應(yīng)急值班。建立核應(yīng)急值班體系，各級(jí)核應(yīng)急組織保持24小時(shí)值班備勤。在國家核事故應(yīng)急辦公室設(shè)立核應(yīng)急國家聯(lián)絡(luò)點(diǎn)，負(fù)責(zé)核應(yīng)急值班，及時(shí)掌握國內(nèi)核設(shè)施情況，保持與國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)信息暢通。 | Strengthening emergency on-duty system. An emergency on-duty system shall be established to ensure that each level of nuclear emergency organization stays on-duty 24 hours a day. National contact points for nuclear emergency preparedness under the national nuclear accident emergency office shall be on duty for nuclear emergency preparedness to collect information about domestic nuclear installations and keep the IAEA updated. |
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