《中國(guó)的能源政策（2012）》白皮書
White Paper: China's Energy Policy 2012
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調(diào)整字號(hào)大小: 
| 四、大力發(fā)展新能源和可再生能源 | IV. Vigorously Developing New and Renewable Energy |
| 大力發(fā)展新能源和可再生能源，是推進(jìn)能源多元清潔發(fā)展、培育戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)的重要戰(zhàn)略舉措，也是保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境、應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化、實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的迫切需要。中國(guó)堅(jiān)定不移地大力發(fā)展新能源和可再生能源，到“十二五”末，非化石能源消費(fèi)占一次能源消費(fèi)比重將達(dá)到11.4%，非化石能源發(fā)電裝機(jī)比重達(dá)到30%。 | Vigorously developing new and renewable energy is a key strategic measure for promoting the multiple and clean development of energy, and fostering emerging industries of strategic importance. It is also an urgent need in the protection of the environment, response to climate change and achievement of sustainable development. Through unswerving efforts in developing new and renewable energy sources, China endeavors to increase the shares of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption and installed generating capacity to 11.4 percent and 30 percent, respectively, by the end of the 12th Five-Year Plan. |
| ——積極發(fā)展水電。中國(guó)水能資源蘊(yùn)藏豐富，技術(shù)可開發(fā)量5.42億千瓦，居世界第一。按發(fā)電量計(jì)算，中國(guó)目前的水電開發(fā)程度不到30%，仍有較大的開發(fā)潛力。實(shí)現(xiàn)2020年非化石能源消費(fèi)比重達(dá)到15%的目標(biāo)，一半以上需要依靠水電來完成。在做好生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)、移民安置的前提下，中國(guó)將積極發(fā)展水電，把水電開發(fā)與促進(jìn)當(dāng)?shù)鼐蜆I(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展結(jié)合起來，切實(shí)做到“開發(fā)一方資源，發(fā)展一方經(jīng)濟(jì)，改善一方環(huán)境，造福一方百姓”。完善水電移民安置政策，健全利益共享機(jī)制。加強(qiáng)生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)和環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)，嚴(yán)格落實(shí)已建水電站的生態(tài)保護(hù)措施，提高水資源綜合利用水平和生態(tài)環(huán)境效益。做好水電開發(fā)流域規(guī)劃，加快重點(diǎn)流域大型水電站建設(shè)，因地制宜開發(fā)中小河流水能資源，科學(xué)規(guī)劃建設(shè)抽水蓄能電站。到2015年，中國(guó)水電裝機(jī)容量將達(dá)到2.9億千瓦。 | -- Actively developing hydropower. China boasts abundant hydropower resources. Its technically exploitable hydropower resources are equal to 542 million kw, putting the country first in the world. Calculated according to power generation, less than 30 percent of China's hydropower resources are currently utilized, leaving plenty of room for development in this regard. In order to attain the goal of increasing non-fossil energy consumption to 15 percent of the total energy consumption by 2020, more than half will come from hydropower development. On the condition that the ecological environment is protected and resettlements of local people affected are properly handled, China will energetically develop hydropower. By integrating hydropower development with promotion of local employment and economic development, the Chinese government aims to "develop local resources, stimulate local economic development, improve the local environment and benefit local people." The country strives to improve its resettlement policies regarding local people affected by hydropower projects, and perfect the benefit-sharing mechanism. China will strengthen ecological-protection and environmental-impact assessment, strictly implement measures to protect the environment of existing hydropower stations, and improve the comprehensive utilization level and eco-environmental benefits of water resources. In accordance with rational river basin planning for hydropower development, China will speed up the construction of large hydropower stations on key rivers, develop medium- and small-sized hydropower stations based on local conditions, and construct pumped-storage power stations in appropriate circumstances. The country's installed hydropower generating capacity is expected to reach 290 million kw by 2015. |
| ——安全高效發(fā)展核電。核電是一種清潔、高效、優(yōu)質(zhì)的現(xiàn)代能源。發(fā)展核電對(duì)優(yōu)化能源結(jié)構(gòu)、保障國(guó)家能源安全具有重要意義。目前中國(guó)核電發(fā)電量?jī)H占總發(fā)電量的1.8%，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于14%的世界平均水平。核安全是核電發(fā)展的生命線。日本福島核事故發(fā)生后，中國(guó)對(duì)境內(nèi)核電廠開展了全面、嚴(yán)格的綜合安全檢查。檢查結(jié)果表明，中國(guó)核電安全是有保障的，在運(yùn)核電機(jī)組20年來從未發(fā)生過2級(jí)及以上核安全事件(事故)，主要運(yùn)行參數(shù)好于世界平均值，部分指標(biāo)進(jìn)入國(guó)際先進(jìn)行列或達(dá)到國(guó)際領(lǐng)先水平。繼續(xù)堅(jiān)持科學(xué)理性的核安全理念，把“安全第一”的原則嚴(yán)格落實(shí)到核電規(guī)劃、選址、研發(fā)、設(shè)計(jì)、建造、運(yùn)營(yíng)、退役等全過程。制定和完善核電法規(guī)體系。健全和優(yōu)化核電安全管理機(jī)制，從嚴(yán)設(shè)置準(zhǔn)入門檻，落實(shí)安全主體責(zé)任。完善核電監(jiān)管體系，加強(qiáng)在建及運(yùn)行核電廠的安全監(jiān)督檢查和輻射環(huán)境監(jiān)督管理。建立健全國(guó)家核事故應(yīng)急機(jī)制，提高應(yīng)急能力。加大核電科技創(chuàng)新投入，推廣應(yīng)用先進(jìn)核電技術(shù)，提高核電裝備水平，重視核電人才培養(yǎng)。到2015年，中國(guó)運(yùn)行核電裝機(jī)容量將達(dá)到4000萬千瓦。 | -- Developing nuclear power in a safe and highly efficient way. As nuclear power is a high-quality, clean and efficient modern energy source, its development is of great significance for optimizing the nation's energy structure and ensuring national energy security. At present, nuclear power only accounts for 1.8 percent of China's total power output, far below the world average, which is 14 percent. Nuclear safety is essential for nuclear power development. Since the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, China has launched comprehensive safety inspections at all nuclear power plants. The inspection results show that nuclear security is guaranteed in China. Over the past 20 years, Chinese nuclear power units in operation have never had accidents at and above Level 2, with major operating parameters being better than the world's average and some indices even reaching the leading or advanced world level. Upholding a scientific and rational concept of nuclear security, China implements the principle of "safety first" in the whole process of nuclear power station planning, site selection, R&D, design, construction, operation and decommissioning. It has established and improved a legal system on nuclear power, improved and optimized the safety management mechanism of nuclear power, set a high entry threshold in this regard, and clarified safety responsibility. It has improved the supervision system of nuclear power by strengthening safety supervision and inspection, and radiation environment supervision and management at nuclear power plants in operation and under construction. An emergency mechanism for nuclear accidents has been established and improved to enhance the country's emergency response capability. China will invest more in nuclear power technological innovations, promote application of advanced technology, improve the equipment level, and attach great importance to personnel training. China's installed capacity of nuclear power is expected to reach 40 million kw by 2015. |
| ——有效發(fā)展風(fēng)電。風(fēng)電是現(xiàn)階段最具規(guī)?；_發(fā)和市場(chǎng)化利用條件的非水可再生能源。中國(guó)是世界上風(fēng)電發(fā)展最快的國(guó)家，“十二五”時(shí)期，堅(jiān)持集中開發(fā)與分散發(fā)展并舉，優(yōu)化風(fēng)電開發(fā)布局。有序推進(jìn)西北、華北、東北風(fēng)能資源豐富地區(qū)風(fēng)電建設(shè)，加快分散風(fēng)能資源的開發(fā)利用。穩(wěn)步發(fā)展海上風(fēng)電。完善風(fēng)電設(shè)備標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和產(chǎn)業(yè)監(jiān)測(cè)體系。鼓勵(lì)風(fēng)電設(shè)備企業(yè)加強(qiáng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研發(fā)，加快風(fēng)電產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)升級(jí)。通過加強(qiáng)電網(wǎng)建設(shè)、改進(jìn)電網(wǎng)調(diào)度水平、提高風(fēng)電設(shè)備性能、加強(qiáng)風(fēng)電預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào)等途徑，提高電力系統(tǒng)消納風(fēng)電的能力。到2015年，中國(guó)風(fēng)電裝機(jī)將突破1億千瓦，其中海上風(fēng)電裝機(jī)達(dá)到500萬千瓦。 | -- Effectively developing wind power. As a non-water renewable energy, wind power is currently the most appropriate energy source for large-scale development and market-driven utilization. China's wind power industry is the fastest-growing in the world. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period, China will stress both intensive and distributed exploitation, and optimize the development layout of wind power. It will push forward wind power construction in an orderly way in the northwestern, northern and northeastern regions, which boast abundant wind energy, and speed up the development and utilization of distributed resources. It will steadily develop offshore wind farms, and improve the standards for wind-power equipment and the supervision system of this industry. China will encourage wind-power equipment manufacturers to expedite R&D of key technologies, so as to accelerate the technological upgrading of this industry. By means of speeding up grid construction, increasing the grid's dispatch level, improving the performance of wind-power equipment, and strengthening wind-power prediction and forecast, China aims to improve its power grids' wind-power integration ability. The installed generating capacity of wind power is expected to reach 100 million kw by the end of 2015, with 500 kw of generating capacity coming from offshore wind farms. |
| ——積極利用太陽能。中國(guó)太陽能資源豐富，開發(fā)潛力巨大，具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。“十二五”時(shí)期，中國(guó)堅(jiān)持集中開發(fā)與分布式利用相結(jié)合，推進(jìn)太陽能多元化利用。在青海、新疆、甘肅、內(nèi)蒙古等太陽能資源豐富、具有荒漠和閑散土地資源的地區(qū)，以增加當(dāng)?shù)仉娏?yīng)為目的，建設(shè)大型并網(wǎng)光伏電站和太陽能熱發(fā)電項(xiàng)目。鼓勵(lì)在中東部地區(qū)建設(shè)與建筑結(jié)合的分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)。加大太陽能熱水器普及力度，鼓勵(lì)太陽能集中供熱水、太陽能采暖和制冷、太陽能中高溫工業(yè)應(yīng)用。在農(nóng)村、邊疆和小城鎮(zhèn)推廣使用太陽能熱水器、太陽灶和太陽房。到2015年，中國(guó)將建成太陽能發(fā)電裝機(jī)容量2100萬千瓦以上，太陽能集熱面積達(dá)到4億平方米。 | -- Actively making use of solar energy. China is rich in solar energy, which boasts immense room for development and has a promising future. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period, China will promote diverse patterns of solar-power development by integrating intensive exploitation with distributed utilization. It will construct large on-grid photovoltaic power stations and solar power generation projects in Qinghai and Gansu provinces, and the Xinjiang Uygur and Inner Mongolia autonomous regions, which boast abundant solar energy and scattered plots of unutilized land, for the purpose of increasing local supplies of electricity. It will encourage the central and eastern regions to construct distributed photovoltaic power generation systems linked to local buildings. Intensified efforts will be made to popularize solar water heaters, and promote the development of solar central hot-water supply, solar heating and cooling, and medium- and high-temperature industrial applications of solar energy. It will spread solar water heaters, solar cookers and solar houses in the countryside, border areas, and small cities and towns. China's installed generating capacity of solar energy is expected to exceed 21 million kw by 2015, with a total solar heat collection area of 400 million sq m. |
| ——開發(fā)利用生物質(zhì)能等其他可再生能源。中國(guó)堅(jiān)持“統(tǒng)籌兼顧、因地制宜、綜合利用、有序發(fā)展”的原則，發(fā)展生物質(zhì)能等其他可再生能源。在糧棉主產(chǎn)區(qū)，有序發(fā)展以農(nóng)作物秸稈、糧食加工剩余物和蔗渣等為燃料的生物質(zhì)發(fā)電。在林木資源豐富地區(qū)，適度發(fā)展林木生物質(zhì)發(fā)電。發(fā)展城市垃圾焚燒和填埋氣發(fā)電。在具備條件的地區(qū)推進(jìn)沼氣等生物質(zhì)供氣工程。因地制宜建設(shè)生物質(zhì)成型燃料生產(chǎn)基地。發(fā)展生物柴油，開展纖維素乙醇產(chǎn)業(yè)示范。在保護(hù)地下水資源的前提下，推廣地?zé)崮芨咝Ю眉夹g(shù)。加強(qiáng)對(duì)潮汐能、波浪能、干熱巖發(fā)電等開發(fā)利用技術(shù)的跟蹤和研發(fā)。 | -- Developing and utilizing biomass energy and other types of renewable energy. China will develop biomass energy and other renewable energy resources under the principle of "orderly development based on local conditions and comprehensive utilization with all factors taken into consideration." It will promote power generation using crop stalks, grain-processing residues and bagasse as fuels in major producing areas of grain and cotton; and carefully develop woody biomass power generation in forest-covered areas. Attention will be given to the promotion of electricity generation by means of waste incineration and landfill gas in urban areas. The country will also speed up the construction of biomass gas, including methane, supply systems in eligible regions, and build production bases of biomass molding fuel in accordance with local conditions. Efforts will also be made to develop biodiesel and industrial cellulosic ethanol. China will spread the technology of efficiently using geothermal energy on the condition that underground water is protected. It will reinforce the tracking and R&D of electricity generation technologies by using tidal energy, wave energy and hot dry rocks. |
| ——促進(jìn)清潔能源分布式利用。中國(guó)堅(jiān)持“自用為主、富余上網(wǎng)、因地制宜、有序推進(jìn)”的原則，積極發(fā)展分布式能源。在能源負(fù)荷中心，加快建設(shè)天然氣分布式能源系統(tǒng)。以城市、工業(yè)園區(qū)等能源消費(fèi)中心為重點(diǎn)，大力推進(jìn)分布式可再生能源技術(shù)應(yīng)用。因地制宜在農(nóng)村、林區(qū)、海島推進(jìn)分布式可再生能源建設(shè)。制定分布式能源標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，完善分布式能源上網(wǎng)電價(jià)形成機(jī)制和政策，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)分布式發(fā)電直供及無歧視、無障礙接入電網(wǎng)。“十二五”期間建設(shè)1000個(gè)左右天然氣分布式能源項(xiàng)目，以及10個(gè)左右各類典型特征的分布式能源示范區(qū)域。 | -- Promoting distributed utilization of clean energy. China will energetically develop distributed energy resources on the principle of "giving priority to local supply, feeding the surplus into the grid, development based on local conditions, and advancing in an orderly way." It will accelerate the construction of distributed energy systems (DES) for natural gas at energy load centers. It will energetically spread the technology of distributed renewable energy, especially in high energy-consumption centers, including cities and industrial parks. It will carry out distributed renewable energy construction in rural areas, forest regions and islands in accordance with local conditions. Efforts will be made to set standards for distributed energy, and improve the formation mechanism and polices for on-grid price. Hard work will be done to realize direct supply, and non-discriminatory and barrier-free connection to the grid of power generated in the distributed manner. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period, China will construct about 1,000 projects of natural gas DES, and ten distributed energy demonstration areas with various typical characteristics. |
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